今日の英語ニュース☆2023.10.07☆時事英語・ニュース英語を極める
このnoteの目的は、アメリカのニュース番組が理解出来るようになる方法を伝えることです。その方法とは、英語字幕を読みながら英語ニュースを毎日見続けること。 こんな感じです（サンプルのスクリーンショット）。
使う教材は、上のリンクの動画です。
アメリカの公共放送PBSのニュース番組で、質の高い報道に定評がありますが、残念なことに、字幕に誤りがかなり含まれていることがあります。番組がアメリカで放送されてから約２時間で最終版の字幕がアップロードされますので、時間的制約を考えれば誤りは仕方がないことかもしれません。
しかし、英語学習者の場合、字幕に誤りがあると、変だと思っても、それが本当に間違いなのか分からないことがあると思います。あるいは、間違いに気付かないこともあるかもしれません。ですから、正確な字幕が必要です。
そこで、約１時間の番組ですが、英語音声をすべて聞いて、字幕の明らかな誤りを訂正したものをダウンロードできるようにしています（少し下にあります）。この字幕ファイルと動画をダウンロードして再生ソフトで使ってください（上のスクリーンショット動画のように再生できます。英語が速すぎる場合は、あまりおすすめしませんが、再生速度の調節もできます）。
また、このnoteや字幕ファイルでは、辞書を調べても分からないような英語表現を説明しています（辞書を引けば分かる言葉は、自分で調べてください）。辞書に載ってないような表現、辞書にあっても意味がたくさんありすぎてどれなのか分からない言葉、文脈の中で特殊な使われ方をしている言葉、背景の知識がないと分からない部分、ニュース英語や時事英語の独特な表現、知っていると訳に立ちそうな表現などを説明しています（書き加えた説明は[* ……] ）。
それでは、今日も一緒に英語のニュースを見ていきましょう！
■ 英語字幕ファイルのダウンロード
[PBS NewsHour Oct. 6, 2023] の字幕ファイルのダウンロード
（この字幕ファイルはテキストエディタ（windowsの「メモ帳」など）で開くことも出来ますが、下の「字幕ファイルの使い方」のように再生ソフト（無料）で使うことをおすすめします。こんな感じに表示されます。）ブラウザーによってダウンロードがブロックされる場合ば、下のテキストファイルをダウンロードして拡張子.txtを .lrcに変更して使ってください(例えば、Chromeは、.lrcのようなあまり使われない拡張子のファイルを危険と判断することがあるようです)。
■ 動画サイトへのリンク
・直接動画サイトを見る場合のリンクです(リンク先字幕の誤りは元のまま)
・分からない言葉はこの２つの辞書でたいてい見つかると思います
・上の字幕ファイルには、約１時間の番組の全字幕と語句説明があります
・以下はサンプル程度です
[00:00] Introduction
[02:50] Job growth defies expectations but questions remain about overall health of economy
The strength of the jobs market stunned again with a report surpassing most expectations. Employers added 336,000 jobs in September while unemployment remained at 3.8 percent. We also learned that nearly 120,000 more jobs were created in July and August than originally reported. Economics correspondent Paul Solman reports on the job market that continues to defy headwinds facing the economy.
《９月の雇用統計、予想を上回る; Julia Coronado, economist; Julia Pollak, economist; two-faced economy; the economy taking divergent paths; our call to find out how people are doing showed vastly different realities for folks of different ages in different places, two faces; wholesale oil prices cratered this week; Rebecca Riddell of Oxfam, the international anti-poverty organization; 》
[06:37] PAUL SOLMAN: Now, multiple polls and the Consumer Confidence Index have shown that most Americans have been similarly down on the economy. How come? Unemployment near historically low levels, inflation moderating, economy growing. So why are people so economically despondent?
[** be down on (someone or something) = To have or express negative or overly critical feelings toward someone or something (thefreedictionary) ]
[08:35] News Wrap
In our news wrap Friday, the United Auto Workers held off expanding its strike after General Motors made a major concession, House Republicans face a weekend of weighing who should be the next speaker as Trump endorsed Rep. Jim Jordan and Russian missiles struck an apartment complex in Ukraine killing a 10-year-old boy and his grandmother.
《General Motors made a major concession, including electric vehicle battery plants under a UAW contract; So far, workers have walked out of five assembly plants and 38 parts depots; Jordan is currently leading an impeachment inquiry; So far, House Majority Leader Steve Scalise is the only other declared contender for speaker; In Syria, the death toll has risen to 89, with up to 277 wounded, after exploding drones struck a military graduation; Search teams in the Indian Himalayas kept looking today for victims of catastrophic flooding that claimed at least 42 lives. At least 142 people are still missing; The 52 civilians killed in Thursday's assault were mourned today in the village of Hroza, Ukraine; 》
[09:28] House Republicans face a weekend of weighing who should be the next speaker and now they have a new consideration. Former President Trump came out for Ohio representative Jim Jordan overnight.
[** to come out for = to announce or reveal that one supports someone or something ]
[12:36] Immigration advocates criticize Biden after move allowing border wall construction
The Biden administration is taking fire from some immigration advocates for a recent move to expedite the construction of a wall along the southern border. The president says the money for a wall was appropriated during the Trump administration and that his hands are tied. Laura Barron-Lopez discussed the latest with Nick Mirrof of The Washington Post.
《メキシコ国境の壁、新区間建設へ; 移民支援派のバイデン政権への批判強まる; 方針転換と非難される理由とは; Nick Miroff, The Washington Post; Art Del Cueto, National Border Patrol Council, a union that represents border agents; Biden administration waiving more than two dozen laws, including the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act and other environmental protections, but also that they referred to the barrier as an urgent necessity to stop illegal entries in that section of South Texas; there is no environmentally friendly border wall. These walls will fragment wildlife habitat. They will stop wildlife migrations. They will cut animals off from their main source of drinking water, which, of course, is the Rio Grande; it's the decision to waive these environmental laws and other protections to expedite barrier construction that is a break from the past and has raised questions about whether or not the Biden administration is taking a new policy approach with regard to the border wall; Yesterday the president also resumed removal flights of Venezuelan nationals who cross the border unlawfully; The timing of this is very curious, because it comes just two weeks after the Biden administration designated Venezuelans for a form of temporary legal status. That protection extends to nearly 500,000 Venezuelans who arrived before July 31. And so these new deportation flights are going to be oriented toward Venezuelans who crossed the border illegally starting after August 1; 》
[16:48] LAURA BARRON-LOPEZ: President Biden is also facing incoming from Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker, a Democrat who's a trusted ally of the president's 2024 campaign.
[** incoming = enemy fire directed at oneself. この文脈では、自分に向けられた非難のこと ]
[19:02] I mean, what they announced is that they will resume deportation flights to Venezuela. The timing of this is very curious, because it comes just two weeks after the Biden administration designated Venezuelans for a form of temporary legal status.
[** < temporary protected status = Temporary protected status (TPS) is given by the United States government to eligible nationals of designated countries, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security, who are present in the United States. In general, the Secretary of Homeland Security may grant temporary protected status to people already present in the United States who are nationals of a country experiencing ongoing armed conflict, an environmental disaster...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_protected_status ]
[20:17]★今日のおすすめ★ Nobel Peace Prize for jailed Iranian activist bolsters her call for human rights
This year's Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to one of Iran’s most prominent, persecuted and persistent human rights activists. Nargis Mohammedi is in detention in Iran’s notorious Evin Prison, for “spreading anti-state propaganda.” But Iranian efforts to silence her have only made her voice louder. Nick Schifrin discussed Mohammedi's message with Summer Lopez.
《ノーベル平和賞、イラン人権活動家のナルゲス・モハンマディに; Narges Mohammadi is in detention in Iran's notorious Evin prison for "spreading anti-state propaganda; "Woman, Life, Freedom"; Her twins are now 16. She hasn't held them in more than seven years. And she hasn't seen her husband, Taghi Rahmani, in person for more than a decade; Summer Lopez, chief program officer of PEN America, which fights to protect free expression. She is also part of the free Narges Campaign; anniversary of Mahsa Amini's death; 》
[20:38] NICK SCHIFRIN: The young Iranians who have protested their governments stand on the shoulders of 51-year-old Narges Mohammadi. For three decades, she has fought for women's rights, minority rights and against the death penalty.
[** to stand on the shoulders of (someone) = To owe one's success or progress to someone else's earlier efforts or accomplishments ]
[27:09] Return of tourism in West Maui sparks debate over grieving community and fragile economy
This weekend, tourists will be allowed back into areas of Maui not far from the site of the deadliest U.S. wildfires in more than a century. The reopening plan has sparked an uproar among some members of a community that’s still grieving but also weighing its long-term revival and survival. William Brangham reports.
《マウイ島山火事からの復興; 観光産業偏重のこれまでとは違う復興を求める声; Last week, hundreds of people, including many native Hawaiians, vented their frustrations at a Maui County Council meeting. They expressed fears of going back to the old status quo, where they say tourism dominates the economy, often at their expense; activists delivered a petition with more than 14,000 signatures to Democratic Governor Josh Green, urging him to delay his plan to reopen parts of West Maui to tourists this Sunday; Before the fires, spending by visitors made up almost 40 percent of Maui's GDP; economists predict the unemployment rate, which was just 2.6 percent in July, will skyrocket to 11 percent in the next three months; Part of the solution is to adapt tourism into a way where it is extra and not the staple; 》
[36:28]★今日のおすすめ★ Nobel laureate Maria Ressa on defending truth and the danger of A.I. in the wrong hands
Veteran journalist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Maria Ressa has a dire warning about the defense of truth in the digital age. She says we risk losing the information war to adversarial artificial intelligence and to authoritarian governments who can weaponize the tech. Geoff Bennett spoke with Ressa at the inaugural summit of the newly launched Institute of Global Politics at Columbia University.
《2021年ノーベル平和賞受賞者マリア・レッサが鳴らす警鐘; AIを独裁国家が使い事実を歪める危険; AIを野放しにする危険; world faces a tech-enabled Armageddon; I never thought that we would tear apart our shared reality and doubt facts, and that lies could spread faster than facts. MIT's 2018 study shows lie spread six times faster; Rappler; now the very structure of our information ecosystem is corrupted from the top. When a lie spreads faster than a fact, when you say a lie a million times, and it becomes a fact, people cannot tell fact from fiction; And if you look at the two ways A.I. have touched us, the first time it exploited our fear, anger and hate. This second time, with large language models, with ChatGPT, with Bard, with all the different ones that are rolling out, it looks set to weaponize our loneliness; why did China put guardrails in place? Why didn't America?... Profit. Frankly, it isn't an argument about innovation. It's like saying, oh, we should test the COVID vaccine in real time on real people; V-Dem研究所; 監視資本主義; 》
[37:09] GEOFF BENNETT: You have said the world faces a tech-enabled Armageddon, turbocharged by generative artificial intelligence.
[** = Generative artificial intelligence (also generative AI or GenAI) is artificial intelligence capable of generating text, images, or other media, using generative models. Generative AI models learn the patterns and structure of their input training data and then generate new data that has similar characteristics...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence ( Wikipediaの右上のlanguagesに日本語のページへのリンクもあります ) //
(ChatGPTのような)生成人工知能、生成的人工知能 ]
[38:09] So, the first time that you had humanity's first contact with A.I. is really machine learning, when everything that you post on social media -- so, this is social media, right? Everything you post is pulled together by machine learning, and then that's used to build a model of you that knows you better than you know yourself. Replace the word model with clone. So we're cloned. Then A.I. comes in and takes all of our clones, puts it together in a mother lode database. That's what's used to microtarget. Microtargeting is not the same as media advertising. Media advertising, you see the same things, right? But microtargeting sells your weakest moment to a message, to someone who will pay for it, and that could be a company, or that could be a government, right? And that nudges you. And when it becomes relentless, it becomes information operations.
[** = Microtargeting is the use of online data to tailor advertising messages to individuals, based on the identification of recipients’ personal vulnerabilities. Such tactics can be used for promoting a product or a political candidate...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtargeting ]
[39:20] I lived through this. In the Philippines, in 2016, a meta-narrative of "journalist equals criminal" was seeded by forces that were supportive of my president then, Rodrigo Duterte. It came a million times, so, for some people, it became a fact that I was a criminal.
[** metanarrative = a grand story that is self-legitimizing (wiktionary)]
[40:32] V-Dem in Sweden said that, last year 60 percent of the world was under authoritarian rule. This January, that number went up to 72 percent.
[** = The V-Dem Institute (Varieties of Democracy) is an independent research institute founded by Professor Staffan I. Lindberg in 2014 that studies the qualities of government... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Institute ( Wikipediaの右上のlanguagesに日本語のページへのリンクもあります ) ]
[41:22] And while America says that, remember these companies are driven by profit. Surveillance capitalism was the first contact with A.I.
[** = Surveillance capitalism is a concept in political economics which denotes the widespread collection and commodification of personal data by corporations. This phenomenon is distinct from government surveillance, though the two can reinforce each other...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism ( Wikipediaの右上のlanguagesに日本語のページへのリンクもあります ) ]
[43:19]★今日のおすすめ★ Brooks and Marcus on the future of the GOP after McCarthy's ouster
New York Times columnist David Brooks and Washington Post associate editor Ruth Marcus join Amna Nawaz to discuss the week in politics, including the fallout of Speaker Kevin McCarthy’s ouster and how it's reshaping the Republican Party.
《金曜恒例：２人の政治アナリストと今週を振り返る; David Brooks and Ruth Marcus, Washington Post associate editor; 》
[44:00] But, in some sense, Donald Trump introduced a note of narcissistic hucksterism into the American body politic, and it's been interesting to watch it spread throughout his party.
[** hucksterism = The condition of being a huckster; hucksterish behavior // huckster = an aggressive seller or promoter, esp. one who uses showy or dubious methods ]
[45:11] Last week, David, when you were sitting here, you said it's hard to see a way out. Last week looks like unicorns and butterflies compared to where we are this week.
[** unicorns and butterflies = rainbows, butterflies, and unicorns = rainbows and unicorns = Innocent, carefree happiness; A wonderful (but often unrealistic) scenario ]
[51:08] AMNA NAWAZ: I need to ask you both as well about something else we have been reporting on. You may have seen Laura Barron-Lopez report earlier this week, as she's been tracking some of the ramping up of violent rhetoric by former President Trump. [** 関連ニュース ] In fact, she included this graphic in her report, just recent remarks that she's been reporting on. Earlier last month, Mr. Trump suggested that General Mark Milley should be executed. He then went on to mock the assault on Paul Pelosi, Nancy Pelosi's husband. He called for shoplifters to be shot on sight late last month. And just a few days ago, he said that migrants are -- quote -- "poisoning the blood of our country," which is echoing the language of white supremacists and of Adolf Hitler, who often invoked those words.