今日の英語ニュース☆2023.10.26☆時事英語・ニュース英語を極める
このnoteの目的は、アメリカのニュース番組が理解出来るようになる方法を伝えることです。その方法とは、英語字幕を読みながら英語ニュースを毎日見続けること。 こんな感じです（サンプルのスクリーンショット）。
使う教材は、上のリンクの動画です。
アメリカの公共放送PBSのニュース番組で、質の高い報道に定評がありますが、残念なことに、字幕に誤りがかなり含まれていることがあります。番組がアメリカで放送されてから約２時間で最終版の字幕がアップロードされますので、時間的制約を考えれば誤りは仕方がないことかもしれません。
しかし、英語学習者の場合、字幕に誤りがあると、変だと思っても、それが本当に間違いなのか分からないことがあると思います。あるいは、間違いに気付かないこともあるかもしれません。ですから、正確な字幕が必要です。
そこで、約１時間の番組ですが、英語音声をすべて聞いて、字幕の明らかな誤りを訂正したものをダウンロードできるようにしています（少し下にあります）。この字幕ファイルと動画をダウンロードして再生ソフトで使ってください（上のスクリーンショット動画のように再生できます。英語が速すぎる場合は、あまりおすすめしませんが、再生速度の調節もできます）。
また、このnoteや字幕ファイルでは、辞書を調べても分からないような英語表現を説明しています（辞書を引けば分かる言葉は、自分で調べてください）。辞書に載ってないような表現、辞書にあっても意味がたくさんありすぎてどれなのか分からない言葉、文脈の中で特殊な使われ方をしている言葉、背景の知識がないと分からない部分、ニュース英語や時事英語の独特な表現、知っていると訳に立ちそうな表現などを説明しています（書き加えた説明は[* ……] ）。
それでは、今日も一緒に英語のニュースを見ていきましょう！
■ 英語字幕ファイルのダウンロード
[PBS NewsHour Oct. 25, 2023] の字幕ファイルのダウンロード
（この字幕ファイルはテキストエディタ（windowsの「メモ帳」など）で開くことも出来ますが、下の「字幕ファイルの使い方」のように再生ソフト（無料）で使うことをおすすめします。こんな感じに表示されます。）ブラウザーによってダウンロードがブロックされる場合ば、下のテキストファイルをダウンロードして拡張子.txtを .lrcに変更して使ってください(例えば、Chromeは、.lrcのようなあまり使われない拡張子のファイルを危険と判断することがあるようです)。
■ 動画サイトへのリンク
・直接動画サイトを見る場合のリンクです(リンク先字幕の誤りは元のまま)
・分からない言葉はこの２つの辞書でたいてい見つかると思います
・上の字幕ファイルには、約１時間の番組の全字幕と語句説明があります
・以下はサンプル程度です
[00:00] Introduction
[02:31]★今日のおすすめ★ Who is new House Speaker Mike Johnson and what can he accomplish?
The House of Representatives has a new speaker after 22 days of leaderless, gridlocked chaos following the ouster of Kevin McCarthy. Mike Johnson of Louisiana won all 220 Republican votes cast on the House floor Wednesday. After emerging from the leadership vacuum, Speaker Johnson said Congress must win back Americans’ faith. Congressional Correspondent Lisa Desjardins reports from Capitol Hill.
《マイク・ジョンソン(共和党、ルイジアナ州)を下院議長に選出; "I have made a commitment to my colleagues here that this speaker's office is going to be known for decentralizing the power here"; that, of course, can lead to a more robust House floor, more legislation, but it is also a double-edged sword, as we have seen, because more power to members could mean problems for leadership and when you have big decisions, as Speaker Johnson will have soon with government funding due to run out in just three weeks; his bio... Mike Johnson is 51 years old. He was elected this same year as President Trump, came in 2016 to Congress. Now, he is someone who is a constitutional lawyer. He has actually litigated especially on socially conservative issues. He is also the co-host of a Christian podcast with his wife. He's an evangelical Christian; he is a fiscal hawk. He announced today that he wants to create a commission to look at the national debt. On Ukraine, he is someone who supports Ukraine. However, he has recently questioned larger funding bills, even voted against some; on gay rights, LGBTQ issues, in the early 2000s, he is someone who wrote about the idea that gay marriage should be allowed to be banned, and that states should be allowed to have sodomy laws; On abortion, he supports and, in fact, filed legislation for a national 15-week abortion ban; When it comes to 2020 election, Mike Johnson, the constitutional attorney, was actually a big force in pushing -- supporting that states lawsuit to try and object to the certification of results, filed an amicus brief. He also objected to the results on January 6; some of the most progressive Democrats told me today they liked Speaker Johnson's remarks on the floor today and they want to see how he does before they judge any more; 新議長選出についてMariannette Miller-Meeks議員(共和党、アイオワ州選出)へのインタビュー (08:55～); 》
[03:48] So, weeks of infighting among House Republicans apparently opened a lane for Mike Johnson to emerge as a fourth-round draft pick and claim the gavel. How did it all come together?
[** gavel = 議長が使う小槌で議長職の象徴 ]
[05:56] Now, on gay rights, LGBTQ issues, in the early 2000s, he is someone who wrote about the idea that gay marriage should be allowed to be banned, and that states should be allowed to have sodomy laws.
[** sodomy law = A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes. The precise sexual acts meant by the term sodomy are rarely spelled out in the law, but are typically understood by courts to include any sexual act deemed to be "unnatural" or "immoral". Sodomy typically includes anal sex, oral sex, and bestiality. In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced against heterosexual couples, and have mostly been used to target homosexual couples... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy_law ( Wikipediaの右上のlanguagesに日本語のページへのリンクもあります )]
[10:52] I think that he is someone that puts the best interests of the country both in mind and in heart.
[** The main difference between heart and mind is that the heart, figuratively, is believed to be related with the emotional sentiments while the mind is believed to be related mostly with rational thinking... https://pediaa.com/difference-between-heart-and-mind/ ]
[13:06] So we're going to try to get through as many appropriations bills as possible. And then the next step will, if we need to, reconsider a continuing resolution, and then that will determine, will there be things added to the continuing resolution to continue to fund the government?
[** continuing resolution = C.R. = An act of Congress which extends the current governmental budget situation through allocation of further funds in the same manner as the current budget, to avoid a government shutdown due to lack of allocated funding (wiktionary). 予算継続決議 ]
[13:40]★今日のおすすめ★ Israel may delay Gaza ground invasion for hostage negotiations and aid for Palestinians
It's day 19 of the Israel-Hamas war and Israeli forces continued a heavy air assault on Gaza as rockets were fired back into Israel. But there are new signs that an Israeli ground invasion may not be imminent after all. Nick Schifrin reports.
《イスラエルとハマスの戦い１９日目; イスラエルのガザ地区への地上侵攻が遅れる可能性; The delay discussed by Netanyahu and President Biden, as the U.S. military wants the USS Eisenhower and air defense systems to arrive in the Middle East before the invasion begins; a delay in the ground invasion also buys time for negotiations to release more hostages; Gaza health authorities controlled by Hamas say 17,000 have been wounded and more than 6,500 killed. But, President Biden today cast doubt on those numbers; Biden also called out violence committed by Jewish settlers; 》
[15:43] NICK SCHIFRIN: Mr. Biden also called out violence committed by Jewish settlers.
[** to call out = to criticize, denounce ]
[16:26] News Wrap
Former President Trump was fined $10,000 for violating a gag order in his civil fraud trial, an anti-Israel protest at The George Washington University drew condemnation in Congress, Mexico's southern Pacific coast was battered by 165 mph winds from Hurricane Otis and the Russian parliament rescinded its ratification of a global nuclear test ban treaty.
《Trump criticized an unnamed person in the New York court as -- quote -- "very partisan." Under oath, he insisted he meant Michael Cohen, his former lawyer who testified for a second day. But Judge Arthur Engoron said his law clerk was the target... It's the second time he's fined Mr. Trump for maligning the clerk; Students for Justice in Palestine projected slogans onto the library at George Washington University; category-5 hurricane Otis; The Russian Parliament has rescinded its ratification of the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Today's action came after President Vladimir Putin had called for withdrawing from the 1996 pact; Russian hard-liners have called for resuming nuclear testing amid tensions over the war in Ukraine. But the Foreign Ministry says Moscow will still respect the ban, as long as the United States does not begin nuclear testing; Richard Roundtree (81), considered the first Black action movie hero, died Tuesday of pancreatic cancer. He sprang to stardom as the title character in the "Shaft" movies of the early 1970s; かん口令違反; トランプに罰金; リチャード・ラウンドトゥリー 》
[19:15] And on Wall Street, stocks hit the skids after interest rates surged again on the bond market.
[** hit the skids = to decline; to decrease in value or status (thefreedictionary)]
[20:25] Family of man held by Hamas asks Israel to make safe return of hostages a priority
Chaim Peri is among the 220 hostages taken by Hamas during the October 7 attack. The 79-year-old father of five and grandfather of 13 has lived in the Nir Oz kibbutz for 61 years. One of his children, Noam Peri, joined Amna Nawaz as the representative of the 73 people kidnapped from Nir Oz.
《ハマスに父親(Chaim Peri)を連れ去られた娘(Noam Peri)へのインタビュー; 》
[25:28] Thousands of ultra-Orthodox Jews volunteer for Israeli military
Historically, few ultra-Orthodox Jews have served in the Israeli army, a fact that has sparked resentment and contributed to recent anti-government protests. But in the two weeks since the Hamas attack on civilians in southern Israel, more than 2,000 young men from this religious community have volunteered to serve. Leila Molana-Allen reports.
《これまでほとんど兵役に就くことがなく反感を買っていた超正統派ユダヤ人; 彼らの中の２０００人以上の若者が、今回のハマスの攻撃で兵役志願; Leila Molana-Allenがリポート; The Haredim, or Ultra Orthodox Jews, make up about 15 percent of Israel's population, and are its fastest growing community. They don't traditionally undertake military service, instead believing that they serve by having young men between 13 and 22 to commit to full time study of the Torah, which casts a protective net over Israel and Jewish society; when protests against Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's extreme-right coalition government swept through Israel's cities, this was one of the demonstrators' chief grievances. Some secular Israelis felt their young people were being sent to serve their country, while the Ultra-Orthodox, as they saw it, got a free pass; There are some who interpret their [* =Haredis' ] beliefs as the Haredi community being against the army; 》
[27:49] I now have a list of 1,400 Haredis who are interested in joining to help the army in these horrible days.
Haredis [** < Haredi (複数形は Haredis or Haredi or Haredim) // Haredim = Ultra Orthodox Jews ]
[29:19] LEILA MOLANA-ALLEN: As for training and deployment, he knows he will be miles behind those who were put through their paces at 18, but says he's up for the challenge.
[** to put someone through his paces = To make someone undergo a thorough testing or examination so as to evaluate his worth, ability, or competence ]
[30:34] UAW strike against Detroit automakers expands to more plants as negotiations continue
The United Auto Workers expanded its strike this week, targeting some of the most profitable plants of Detroit’s automakers. The strikes now involve 46,000 workers at 40 assembly plants and parts centers around the country. On its 41st day, a deal with the Big Three automakers remains elusive. Stephanie Sy discussed where things stand with David Shepardson of Reuters
《UAWストライキ拡大; ストライキ４１日目; フォードとの合意が近い可能性; その場合、その合意が他の２社との合意モデルになる; 得られたもの得られなかったもの; David Shepardson, Reuters; There are reports today that Ford and the UAW could be moving closer to an agreement; traditionally, the UAW has picked one company, reached an agreement with them, and the other two have not gone on strike. In this case, the UAW opted to do this targeted strike of all three at the same time, the first time ever; So I do think a deal with Ford is going to set the template for a deal with GM and Stellantis; it might take a few days or longer than that, but I think, ultimately, whatever deal with Ford is struck will set the benchmark for the other two; 》
[33:05] I mean, this started out where the UAW was seeking a 40 percent pay raise over four years, a 32-hour workweek, a return of defined benefit pensions.
[** Defined benefit (DB) pension plan is a type of pension plan in which an employer/sponsor promises a specified pension payment, lump-sum, or combination thereof on retirement that depends on an employee's earnings history, tenure of service and age, rather than depending directly on individual investment returns. Traditionally, many governmental and public entities, as well as a large number of corporations, provide defined benefit plans, sometimes as a means of compensating workers in lieu of increased pay...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defined_benefit_pension_plan 確定給付型年金 ]
[35:31]★今日のおすすめ★ America at a Crossroads: Historian compares America's current divisions to the past and how we can overcome them
岐路に立つアメリカ：分断の原因と解決策を探るシリーズの第18回／歴史学者Heather Cox Richardsonが語る過去の分断と克服の歴史
シリーズ 第１回 第２回 第３回 第４回
第５回 第５回 第７回 第８回
第９回 第１０回 第１１回 第１２回
第１３回 第１４回 第１５回
第１６回 第１７回
Many Americans feel we’re living through an extraordinarily divided time. But historian Heather Cox Richardson says there’s precedent for our conflicts today and for the hope that we can overcome them. Judy Woodruff recently sat down with Richardson for her series, America at a Crossroads.
《Judy Woodruff; Heather Cox Richardson, historian at Boston College, Substack newsletter "Letters From an American"; she analyzes today's events in the context of our past, drawing parallels to find guidance forward; Her new book, "Democracy Awakening: Notes on the State of America," explores other divisive periods in American history and how remarkable individuals help prevent its fall to authoritarianism; We're in a moment in which we are facing a choice between preserving and expanding American democracy, the idea that everybody should have a right to be treated equally before the law and to have a say in their government, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the idea of authoritarianism, which is rising in the United States, as well as around the world; there were divisions at the beginning of this country, both within those people who ruled, but also between the people who ruled and the people who didn't have a say in their government, who didn't have any rights, women, indigenous Americans, Black Americans, brown Americans. So those sorts of divisions have always been in our society; What makes this moment different and what makes it look like more divided times in our history, like the 1850s, for example, or the 1890s, or the 1920s, is that those divisions are playing out in our politics; for the first time in our history, a major political party has been taken over by a small faction that does not believe in democracy; while, in fact, Black Americans and indigenous Americans were excluded from the Constitution, were in the minds of the founders excluded from the Declaration of Independence, people of color from the beginning talked about, hey, wait a minute, those are great principles. Why don't they apply to us? And by continually holding up those standards and calling people to account when they were not meeting them, I think they have really helped the United States continually to expand the idea of democracy; It's kind of a truism in American history, if you have rights, you look to the Constitution. If you want rights, you look to the Declaration. And Abraham Lincoln relying on the Declaration of Independence as the heart of the United States; Lincoln pointed to the Declaration, not to the Constitution; By 1859, Abraham Lincoln has articulated a new concept of democracy that calls for a government that serves ordinary individuals, rather than the elite enslavers. By 1860, voters, all white men of property, have elected him to the White House. By 1861, he has signed the Emancipation Proclamation, ending the idea of human enslavement as the foundational principle of this nation. And, by 1863, he has given the Gettysburg Address, rededicating this nation to a new birth of freedom based on the Declaration of Independence. That idea of ordinary people waking up and finding the leaders who will articulate those principles is as alive today as the bad side of the 1850s is alive as well; very difficult times leading up to the Great Depression. That was a period when there were strong authoritarian voices on the left and on the right. Other countries around the world succumbed to some of those forces, as we know, in that period. But this country didn't. Why not? -- I actually think the real reason is simply because the United States had such a strong tradition of marginalized communities insisting on equality before the law and recognizing the dangers of authoritarianism; one of the things that worries me a lot is that, since 2015, there tends to be an attempt to pretend that the things that people like former President Donald Trump are saying are simply window dressing, when he is literally talking about calling the former chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff somebody who looks like he has committed treason and then suggesting that the punishment for treason should be death; the idea that our population is so destabilized and so angry that it would reach for an authoritarian who promised to return to a perfect past is very much on the table. But it is not inevitable; the hope is in us. I mean, the whole point of democracy is that we get to have a say in our futures. We get to be treated equally before the laws and we get to say who governs us. And I really believe in American democracy; until now, we have always, at the end of the day, done the right thing. I'm very worried in the short term. But I have faith in American democracy, and I have faith in humanity; But it's going to be a lot of work; 》
[37:58] What makes this moment different and what makes it look like more divided times in our history, like the 1850s, for example, or the 1890s, or the 1920s, is that those divisions are playing out in our politics. And for the first time in our history, a major political party has been taken over by a small faction that does not believe in democracy.
[** この文脈では、a major political party = Republican Party、 a small fraction = MAGA Republicans led by Donald Trump ]
[41:45] By 1856, Northerners have woken up and said, hey, listen, we disagree about immigration and finance and transportation and internal improvements,
[** = Internal improvements is the term used historically in the United States for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvements ]
[43:21] We tend to hail Franklin Delano Roosevelt as a great hero, which, of course, in many ways he was. But it's worth remembering that he was articulating a vision that had been put forward by other Americans like Frances Perkins, who was going to become his secretary of labor and who herself recognized the extraordinary need of a government that answered to the people, because she had witnessed the Triangle Shirtwaist fire, in which girls and young workers had been locked into a factory that caught fire and jumped out the windows to their deaths.
[** The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on Saturday, March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers – 123 women and girls and 23 men – who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, falling, or jumping to their deaths. Most of the victims were recent Italian or Jewish immigrant women and girls aged 14 to 23 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire ( Wikipediaの右上のlanguagesに日本語のページへのリンクもあります ) ]
[46:47] David Brooks writes about the art of seeing others in new book 'How to Know a Person'
David Brooks is a regular on the NewsHour every Friday night. But while you were watching him, David was watching all of us. Pulling from his observations and other works, his new book, "How to Know a Person: The Art of Seeing Others Deeply and Being Deeply Seen," dives into the topic of human connection and its importance in today's society.
《番組の金曜レギュラーDavid Brooksの新刊本『How to Know a Person: The Art of Seeing Others Deeply and Being Deeply Seen』; 著者へのインタビュー; this book is really an attempt to make us all better at seeing another person, making them feel seen, heard and understood, because, if our country is going to come back from the inhumanity, and if our families are going to come back from the breakdown, and if our workplaces are going to thrive, we just have to be really good at this skill of seeing others, making them feel valid, respected, heard and understood; the core thing, to me, is, we just don't treat each other well. There are a series of skills, social skills involved in treating another person with consideration and respect... And, sometimes, I think people don't learn them; Depression is a malfunction in the instrument we use to determine reality; What I came to understand gradually over the years, you're there to recognize the situation and saying, I'm here for you. This sucks. But I'm here for you. I'm never leaving; うつ病 》
[47:36] DAVID BROOKS: Yes, if anybody saw that movie "Fiddler on the Roof," they know how warm and huggy Jewish families can be, always dancing and singing. I came from the other kind of Jewish family. So, we were pretty cerebral. Our dinner conversations were about the evolutionary history of lactose intolerance...
(LAUGHTER)
DAVID BROOKS: ... or the history of Victorian funerary monuments. So we were pretty heady.
[** heady = intellectual ]
[52:08] And so I would say: "Like, here's an idea for you to get out of depression. You liked going and doing service trips in Vietnam. And you should do that again."
[** Volunteer service trips are full immersive experiences that will challenge you to surpass your comfort zone, learn about a different environment, and give back as you create a brand new sense of community. Each service trip typically revolves around a theme that ties together travel, volunteer work, community engagement, and cultural exchange. For example, environmentally-minded travelers might gravitate towards turtle conservation in Costa Rica while future doctors or public health practitioners might head to Zambia to aid in medical relief. In the process of giving back and working alongside local communities, you’ll gain a tangible understanding of a local or global issue through seminars or presentations, group activities, and tours to relevant sites...
https://www.goabroad.com/articles/volunteer-abroad/service-trips ]