今日の英語ニュース☆2023.09.07☆時事英語・ニュース英語を極める
このnoteの目的は、アメリカのニュース番組が理解出来るようになる方法を伝えることです。その方法とは、英語字幕を読みながら英語ニュースを毎日見続けること。 こんな感じです（サンプルのスクリーンショット）。
使う教材は、上のリンクの動画です。
アメリカの公共放送PBSのニュース番組で、質の高い報道に定評がありますが、残念なことに、字幕に誤りがかなり含まれていることがあります。番組がアメリカで放送されてから約２時間で最終版の字幕がアップロードされますので、時間的制約を考えれば誤りは仕方がないことかもしれません。
しかし、英語学習者の場合、字幕に誤りがあると、変だと思っても、それが本当に間違いなのか分からないことがあると思います。あるいは、間違いに気付かないこともあるかもしれません。ですから、正確な字幕が必要です。
そこで、約１時間の番組ですが、英語音声をすべて聞いて、字幕の明らかな誤りを訂正したものをダウンロードできるようにしています（少し下にあります）。この字幕ファイルと動画をダウンロードして再生ソフトで使ってください（上のスクリーンショット動画のように再生できます。英語が速すぎる場合は、あまりおすすめしませんが、再生速度の調節もできます）。
また、このnoteや字幕ファイルでは、辞書を調べても分からないような英語表現を説明しています（辞書を引けば分かる言葉は、自分で調べてください）。辞書に載ってないような表現、辞書にあっても意味がたくさんありすぎてどれなのか分からない言葉、文脈の中で特殊な使われ方をしている言葉、背景の知識がないと分からない部分、ニュース英語や時事英語の独特な表現、知っていると訳に立ちそうな表現などを説明しています（書き加えた説明は[* ……] ）。
それでは、今日も一緒に英語のニュースを見ていきましょう！
■ 英語字幕ファイルのダウンロード
[PBS NewsHour Sept. 6, 2023] の字幕ファイルのダウンロード
（この字幕ファイルはテキストエディタ（windowsの「メモ帳」など）で開くことも出来ますが、下の「字幕ファイルの使い方」のように再生ソフト（無料）で使うことをおすすめします。こんな感じに表示されます。）ブラウザーによってダウンロードがブロックされる場合ば、下のテキストファイルをダウンロードして拡張子.txtを .lrcに変更して使ってください(例えば、Chromeは、.lrcのようなあまり使われない拡張子のファイルを危険と判断することがあるようです)。
■ 動画サイトへのリンク
・直接動画サイトを見る場合のリンクです(リンク先字幕の誤りは元のまま)
・分からない言葉はこの２つの辞書でたいてい見つかると思います
・上の字幕ファイルには、約１時間の番組の全字幕と語句説明があります
・以下はサンプル程度です
[00:00] Introduction
[02:20]★今日のおすすめ★ Climate scientist discusses this summer's extreme weather and long-term trends
Extreme weather is hitting with catastrophic consequences. At least eight people died in Europe after severe storms, 31 people died from flooding in Brazil and more than 80 million Americans are living through blazing temperatures and yet another heat alert. It all comes as the planet reached an alarming milestone this summer. William Brangham discussed the impacts with Gavin Schmidt.
《extreme weather; Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies; extreme weather event; CarbonPlan; climate change; nuisance flooding; agency; 》
[08:26] We're talking about increases in sea level, both because the water itself is expanding as it gets warmer, but it's also because we're melting ice around the world. And that's adding to the total mass of the ocean. And so slowly, but surely, and acceleratingly, we're seeing sea levels rise. And we're seeing the consequence of that in nuisance flooding and storm surge damage.
[** = Nuisance flooding (NF) refers to low levels of inundation that do not pose significant threats to public safety or cause major property damage, but can disrupt routine day-to-day activities, put added strain on infrastructure systems such as roadways and sewers, and cause minor property damage... https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018WR022828 ]
[09:03] Do you think that, even if we hit our most optimistic projections for controlling emissions and controlling warming, how much of this damage is still baked in?
[** to bake in = to incorporate something as an integral part. // 分けることが出来ないように組み込む。この文脈では… 温暖化ガスの排出を今止めたとしても、これまでの排出で、今後も異常気象による被害はなくなるわけではない。そのように、すでに組み込まれてしまっていて、取り除くことができない状態をbaked inという。]
[09:17] If we stopped emitting carbon into the atmosphere tomorrow, which obviously is not going to happen, then temperatures would not rise any further, right? So, that means that any further increases from where we are now are really under our control. We have agency. What we choose to do as a society makes a difference to how much warmer it's going to get.
[** agency = a means of exerting power or influence; the capacity, condition, or state of acting or of exerting power. 影響をおよぼす力。変化をもたらす能力 ]
[10:26] News Wrap
A Russian missile strike in eastern Ukraine killed at least 17 people, a growing challenge to keep former President Trump off Republican primary ballots next year took a step forward, a federal judge in Texas ordered the state to move a migrant barrier in the Rio Grande back to the riverbank and abortion will no longer be a criminal offense anywhere in Mexico.
《The most recent drone attack appeared to detonate on NATO territory in the Romanian town of Piaru (ph) across the Danube; Six Republican and unaffiliated voters in Colorado filed suit to bar Trump from that state's primary ballot, citing the U.S. Constitution's 14th Amendment; U.S. will also depleted uranium munitions to Ukraine; 》
[10:26] GEOFF BENNETT: In the day's other headlines: A growing challenge to keep former President Trump off Republican primary ballots next year took a step forward. Six Republican and unaffiliated voters in Colorado filed suit to bar him from that state's primary ballot, citing the U.S. Constitution's 14th Amendment. The post-Civil War provision says -- quote -- "No person shall hold any office, civil or military, under the United States who shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion." The suit cites Mr. Trump's attempts to overturn the 2020 election results and his support for January 6 rioters.
[** 関連ニュース ]
[17:49] Georgia prosecutors say Trump trial could last 4 months and rely on 150 witnesses
For the first time, we are seeing inside the courtroom for a hearing about one of the indictments of Donald Trump. Prosecutors laid out a timeline for a potential trial, one they say could last four months and rely on more than 150 witnesses. Amna Nawaz discussed Wednesday's hearing with Stephen Fowler of Georgia Public Broadcasting.
《Trump attorneys Kenneth Chesebro and Sidney Powell, will be tried together, likely in October; October 23; they wanted speedy trials; Stephen Fowler, reporter for Georgia Public Broadcasting》
[18:28] So, attorneys for Sidney Powell and Kenneth Chesebro wanted to separate their cases from each other and also from the 17 other defendants. Why did they want that? And how did that request go over with Judge McAfee in court today?
[** to go over (with someone) = to generate a particular reaction; to be received in some way ]
[18:59] Now, each one of them made the arguments that they should be tried separately, arguing that the things that they were charged with under the sweeping 98-page indictment were part of separate buckets of alleged crimes that didn't overlap with each other.
[** bucket = category; a group of related items ]
[20:51] And, Amna, it's important to note that just a couple of floors down in the Fulton County courthouse is another racketeering case going on, where jury selection in the Young Thug-YSL case has been going on for eight months without a single juror being selected.
[** Young Thug-YSL case =
see: https://www.npr.org/2023/01/09/1147767380/rapper-young-thug-rico-trial-gunna ]
[23:53] Court rejects Alabama's congressional map again for diluting power of Black voters
Delivering a harsh rebuke of Alabama’s lawmakers, federal judges again struck down the state’s congressional map. After being ordered to create a second majority Black district, Republicans in the state chose to defy the U.S. Supreme Court. Maps in Florida, Louisiana and Georgia have also been challenged for diluting the power of Black voters. Laura Barron-Lopez discussed more with Hansi Lo Wang.
《Alabama; congressional map diluting the power of Black voters; Hansi Lo Wang, NPR; gerrymanderについて29:35に図; 》
[26:34] LAURA BARRON-LOPEZ: Do Republicans, do Alabama Republicans think that somehow the outcome is going to be different when they take this back to the Supreme Court?
HANSI LO WANG: That's what it looks like, based on their court filings, based on their multiple citations of this concurring opinion by Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, one of the two conservatives who joined the three liberal justices in upholding this lower court's ruling earlier. And they are thinking, potentially, it looks like, that they could potentially flip the vote of Justice Kavanaugh and maybe get a different kind of ruling from the U.S. Supreme Court about what this Alabama state legislature can do in this congressional map.
[** = In law, a concurring opinion is in certain legal systems a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons as the basis for their decision... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurring_opinion 補足意見、同意意見]
[29:44]★今日のおすすめ★ Lack of funding forces UN to cut food aid in Afghanistan as hunger rises to record levels
The United Nations World Food Programme has announced a lack of funding is forcing it to stop feeding some of the most vulnerable people in Afghanistan. The organization is scaling back just as hunger is rising to record levels with some 15 million Afghans, more than a third of the country, struggling to find their next meal. Nick Schifrin reports.
《World Food Program; Some 15 million Afghans, more than a third of the country, struggle to find their next meal; donor fatigue; Hsiao-Wei Lee, WFP's Afghanistan country director; 》
[34:12] Research uncovers role of churches and religious groups in Indigenous boarding schools
For more than a century, hundreds of thousands of Native American children were forced to attend boarding schools. Those schools stripped children of their identities and cultures. Deaths are estimated to be in the thousands as they suffered abuse, neglect, beatings and forced labor. Stephanie Sy reports on new findings about the role churches and religious groups played.
《Native American boarding schools; Indian boarding school; Native American children; forced to attend boarding schools; Samuel Torres, deputy chief executive officer of The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition; Truth and Healing Commission on Indian Boarding School Policies in the U.S. Act (= Senate Bill 1723); 》
[40:12] What's behind the alarming rise in near-collisions of commercial airplanes
There has been an alarming number of near-miss collisions between airplanes according to an investigation by The New York Times. In a review of FAA reports and a NASA database, the Times found there were at least 46 close calls involving commercial flights in July and runway incursions are 25 percent higher than a decade ago. Geoff Bennett discussed more with aviation correspondent Miles O’Brien.
《near-collisions of commercial airplanes; near-miss; 異常接近; at least 46 close calls involving commercial air flights in July; Miles O'Brien; 》
[41:41] GEOFF BENNETT: What accounts for the apparent uptick in these events? What's the FAA saying about that?
MILES O'BRIEN: Well, it -- statistically, the FAA says it doesn't bear itself out. According to FAA statistics, if you level out [* to level out = 平らにならす、平均する ] these statistics, based on the number of arrivals and departures, over a million arrivals and departures, there have been 31 incursions this particular year. Now, that actually is on a little bit of a decline from the peak. Right after COVID, it was 34 per million.
[** it doesn't bear itself out. この部分は次のような意味： ニアミスの増加の原因は何かと聞かれて、FAAの言うところでは、統計的に見ると、実際にはそういうわけではない(増えているわけではない。統計の数字がそう証明しているわけではない)、と答えている。そして、このあと、離着陸１００万回当たりのニアミスの数字の変化を挙げている ]
[43:19] And, at any given time, 20 percent of controllers are training for either to get started or get a new position. So, that caused a huge training backlog once the pandemic was over. Then you had several controllers who have been taking early retirement because of the reduced staffing inside these facilities. They're working long hours. They're working overtime hours. They're working strange shifts. And to say this is a stressful job is a bit of an understatement. And so the FAA is trying to hire. But, again, they're ahead of the -- or behind the power curve here. Hiring 1,500 or 1600 of controllers, it'll be four or five years before they're up to speed.
[** behind the curve = Not making the progress required (wiktionary) // curveではなくpower curveと言っているが、航空関係で使われるpower curveという言葉はあるものの、その意味とはあまり関係ないような感じがする。power curve = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)#Power_curve_in_aviation ]
[45:09] I mean, to their credit, there are technologies out there that are really important in all this, including collision-avoidance systems on board aircraft, which help save the day as a last resort.
[** to save the day = to rescue a person or situation from imminent danger or major failure ]
[46:10]★今日のおすすめ★ How an elite music school is increasing access for students with disabilities
In a series of reports, Jeffrey Brown has looked at the intersection of arts and health. Recently, he traveled to the Berklee Institute for Accessible Arts Education in Boston to see a program bringing music into the lives of people with disabilities. It's for our arts and culture series, CANVAS.
《program bringing music into the lives of people with
disabilities; Ashton Kiprotich; Shania Ward; Berklee Institute for Accessible Arts Education, part of the Berklee College of Music in Boston; Founded in 2007, it started small with a focus on autism, but has expanded to serve more than 300 people of all ages with disabilities of all kinds; Rhoda Bernard, Founding Manager Director, Berklee Institute for Accessible Arts Education; 障がい者と音楽; 障害者 》
[47:02] JEFFREY BROWN: Why are you smiling so much? Are you happy with the music?
SHANIA WARD: Yes, I'm happy with the music.
DONNA GIBBONS-WARD, Mother of Shania Ward: Yes, music is her thing.
[** thing = (informal, used possessively) That which is favoured; personal preference. ]
[48:25] Often, the arts can be more of a teacher-centered kind of approach, where the teacher is showing what they want, and the students are responding. And to make it more accessible means providing more entry points, providing students with more ways to engage with material and more ways to show what they know and are able to do than just the conventional.
JEFFREY BROWN: That means meeting the individuals where they are, incorporating aspects of special education into teaching music and the arts, in private lessons and also in group settings.
[** to meet someone where they are = 自分の望むことを押し付けるのではなく、相手の考えややり方を尊重する]
[49:14] RHODA BERNARD: We're creating a place where they're accepted for who they are, where they belong, a place of yes. These are folks who hear a lot of no. This is a place where it's, yes, you can. So there's a constant asset-based belief in all of the students, who hear so much deficit language. So, that's the first, but then...
[** < asset-based approach = In the simplest terms, an asset-based approach focuses on strengths. It views diversity in thought, culture, and traits as positive assets. Teachers and students alike are valued for what they bring to the classroom rather than being characterized by what they may need to work on or lack... https://teachereducation.steinhardt.nyu.edu/an-asset-based-approach-to-education-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/ // この文脈では、asset-based beliefの逆の表現としてdeficit languageと言っている。]
[50:17] KELLY PHILLIPS, Mother of Ashton Kiprotich: Still, he struggles with processing, auditory processing disorder. And so it's really -- there's a lot of delay in getting answers from him. So we still see that. With music, I don't see that happen at all. It's just there. He is very spontaneous. He plays in different keys. He will sit down and play something he's heard that he's never seen the music for.
[** music = the score of a musical composition set down on paper. 楽譜 ]