今日の英語ニュース☆2023.10.12☆時事英語・ニュース英語を極める
このnoteの目的は、アメリカのニュース番組が理解出来るようになる方法を伝えることです。その方法とは、英語字幕を読みながら英語ニュースを毎日見続けること。 こんな感じです（サンプルのスクリーンショット）。
使う教材は、上のリンクの動画です。
アメリカの公共放送PBSのニュース番組で、質の高い報道に定評がありますが、残念なことに、字幕に誤りがかなり含まれていることがあります。番組がアメリカで放送されてから約２時間で最終版の字幕がアップロードされますので、時間的制約を考えれば誤りは仕方がないことかもしれません。
しかし、英語学習者の場合、字幕に誤りがあると、変だと思っても、それが本当に間違いなのか分からないことがあると思います。あるいは、間違いに気付かないこともあるかもしれません。ですから、正確な字幕が必要です。
そこで、約１時間の番組ですが、英語音声をすべて聞いて、字幕の明らかな誤りを訂正したものをダウンロードできるようにしています（少し下にあります）。この字幕ファイルと動画をダウンロードして再生ソフトで使ってください（上のスクリーンショット動画のように再生できます。英語が速すぎる場合は、あまりおすすめしませんが、再生速度の調節もできます）。
また、このnoteや字幕ファイルでは、辞書を調べても分からないような英語表現を説明しています（辞書を引けば分かる言葉は、自分で調べてください）。辞書に載ってないような表現、辞書にあっても意味がたくさんありすぎてどれなのか分からない言葉、文脈の中で特殊な使われ方をしている言葉、背景の知識がないと分からない部分、ニュース英語や時事英語の独特な表現、知っていると訳に立ちそうな表現などを説明しています（書き加えた説明は[* ……] ）。
それでは、今日も一緒に英語のニュースを見ていきましょう！
■ 英語字幕ファイルのダウンロード
[PBS NewsHour Oct. 11, 2023] の字幕ファイルのダウンロード
（この字幕ファイルはテキストエディタ（windowsの「メモ帳」など）で開くことも出来ますが、下の「字幕ファイルの使い方」のように再生ソフト（無料）で使うことをおすすめします。こんな感じに表示されます。）ブラウザーによってダウンロードがブロックされる場合ば、下のテキストファイルをダウンロードして拡張子.txtを .lrcに変更して使ってください(例えば、Chromeは、.lrcのようなあまり使われない拡張子のファイルを危険と判断することがあるようです)。
■ 動画サイトへのリンク
・直接動画サイトを見る場合のリンクです(リンク先字幕の誤りは元のまま)
・分からない言葉はこの２つの辞書でたいてい見つかると思います
・上の字幕ファイルには、約１時間の番組の全字幕と語句説明があります
・以下はサンプル程度です
[00:00] Introduction
[02:26]★今日のおすすめ★ Gaza cut off from food, water and fuel as Israel’s punishing bombardment continues
Death tolls soared on the fifth day of heavy fighting between Israel and Hamas. More than 1,200 Israelis and 1,100 Palestinians are now dead with many still missing. In Gaza, the last power station has run out of fuel, there will soon be no electricity, no water or sanitation and food is starting to become scarce. Amna Nawaz and Leila Molana-Allen report from Israel.
《イスラエルとハマスの戦い５日目; 22 Americans confirmed killed in Saturday's terror attacks across Israel; after the attack on Saturday, Hezbollah has been very measured recently. They are in a difficult position, because they are part of the Lebanese government, and they have been trying to prove themselves legitimately as a political partner. So they cannot be seen to be starting a war that could jeopardize Lebanese people... unless they can prove that it is to defend Lebanon... They can't be the inciters, because Lebanese people would die. So, on Saturday, we saw them send some missiles into Shebaa Farms, which is a contested area. That's the minimum they could do to show that they did support Hamas, but they weren't going to get any more involved; 》
[15:02] News Wrap
A strong new earthquake rocked the same parts of western Afghanistan that are reeling from Saturday's deadly tremor, Hurricane Lidia largely dissipated after striking Mexico's Pacific coast overnight and there's more data that students in the nation's high schools are falling behind with ACT scores at the lowest level in more than 30 years.
《その他の主要ニュースまとめ; アフガニスタン地震、再び強い揺れ; NASA unveiled the first samples from the asteroid Bennu today two weeks after the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft returned them to Earth; the material is rich in carbon and shows evidence of water; The Biden administration proposed a ban on junk fees today on everything from concert tickets to hotel rooms; 》
[17:13] The Biden administration proposed a ban on junk fees today on everything from concert tickets to hotel rooms. Officials say companies advertise low prices, then take customers by surprise at checkout with the added fees.
[** junk fees = 不当な追加料金。あれこれ加算される不明朗な馬鹿げた料金。以前の番組にも出てきました ]
[18:14]★今日のおすすめ★ GOP moves closer to electing Rep. Scalise as next House speaker
House Republicans are one step closer to selecting a new speaker. They nominated House Majority Leader Steve Scalise for the role, but not all members are on board and it is not yet clear if he has the votes to win on the floor of the House. Congressional Correspondent Lisa Desjardins reports on the busy day on Capitol Hill.
《下院共和党がスティーブ・スカリースを議長に指名; 反対派の存在もあり本会議の採決は不透明; House Majority Leader Steve Scalise is the Republican Conference's nominee for speaker. His win was narrow, just 14 votes more than his challenger, House Judiciary Chairman Jim Jordan; Jordan told Scalise he would support him; In August, Scalise announced he was diagnosed with blood cancer. He's currently undergoing treatment; To get the majority in the House of Representatives right now with two vacancies, you need somewhere between 215 and 217 votes. That's including absences, which we usually do have a few of;Scalise got 113 votes in conference today, but... that included the votes from three delegates from U.S. territories. They can vote in the Republican Conference. They cannot vote on the floor of the House; the more important number probably, though, is the number that we are getting of people who say they will not vote for him on the first ballot... producer Kyle Midura and I have counted five or six. Other people say it's as high as 20. And.. as we know, Mr. Scalise can only lose four votes from Republicans to become speaker. Right now, he certainly has more than that who say they will not vote for him; Scalise has generally supported aid for Ukraine, including a vote very recently; He is someone who gets high marks from anti-abortion groups. He wants more limits. But, in recent years, since the Dobbs decision, he has not been clear on whether he wants Congress to pass a national ban or not; on immigration, he is someone who talks a lot about building a border wall. He is someone who has said in the past he would like to end birthright citizenship; on the 2020 election, he is someone who was in Republican leadership at that time. He voted to object to certifying the election. He did that twice, both of those votes after the January 6 riots hit the Capitol and affected him personally; Nancy Mace of South Carolina concerned about a speech that Scalise gave in 2002 to a white nationalist group. Scalise has since disavowed that speech, says he regretted it; It also seems like we lurch from one government funding deadline to another. The next one's on November 17; 》
[25:42] Zelenskyy visits NATO headquarters in Brussels as leaders meet discuss Ukraine support
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy made an unannounced trip to Brussels Wednesday, his first time visiting NATO headquarters. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin hosted him and 50 other leaders for a meeting on continuing to arm Ukraine as the U.S. government also works on how best to arm Israel. Nick Schifrin reports from Brussels.
《ウクライナのゼレンスキー大統領、NATO本部を電撃訪問; 初めての訪問; he also admitted that he asked Western leaders whether they could continue to support Ukraine, despite the war in Israel, and he did not seem reassured by the answer; As for whether there is some overlap between Ukraine and Israeli asks, as for now, the answer is no, because of the different systems that Israel and Ukraine use; the Biden administration is "deeply concerned" that Lebanese Hezbollah especially could enter the war; keeping the war contained between Israel and Gaza will be increasingly difficult; 》
[27:49] GEOFF BENNETT: What is Israel asking the U.S. for? And does that in any way complicate weapons deliveries for Ukraine?
NICK SCHIFRIN: Israel's asks have not been finalized, according to multiple senior officials that I'm speaking to.
[** ask (名詞) = 求めるもの。要求 ]
[29:26] But they also admit that keeping the war contained between Israel and Gaza will be increasingly difficult, as there are -- as there is a protracted campaign in Gaza and there are more civilian casualties. And that drawn-out campaign, Geoff, has some administration officials worried about their ongoing efforts to normalize relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia and even their moral authority across the world.
[** moral authority = The quality or characteristic of being respected for having good character or knowledge, especially as a source of guidance or an exemplar of proper conduct; The right or power to act (or direct others to act), based on the belief that the actor is moral, rather than on the actor having or needing some formal power to do so (wiktionary) ]
[29:49] GEOFF BENNETT: And lastly, Nick, I understand you have a tragic update to a story we aired earlier this week. [** 関連ニュース ]
NICK SCHIFRIN: Yes, Geoff, this is the story of Shaylee Atary and Yahav Winner that we brought to you on Monday night, how Yahav held off Hamas militants in their home in Southern Israel as Shaylee escaped their home with their 1-month-old baby. The two of them had been together for 10 years. She called him her best friend. They waited a long time to have that baby. And we learned that, unfortunately, Yahav died in the original attack, leaving behind his wife and his baby, Shaya.
[30:47] Social media companies criticized as Israel-Hamas war misinformation spreads rampantly
The world is watching much of the violence between Israel and Hamas through traditional media and broadcasts. But millions also are getting their information through social media. Many posts are spreading misinformation or outright lies and criticism is being directed at the platform X, formerly known as Twitter, and its owner Elon Musk. Laura Barron-Lopez discussed more with Emerson Brooking.
《イスラエルとハマスの戦争とSNSの誤情報; 高まるX (旧Twitter)とイーロン・マスクへの批判; Emerson Brooking, senior resident fellow at the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab and co-author of "LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media"; Digital Forensic Research Lab focused on war crimes verification; The first big thing he's [* = Elon Musk ] done is essentially removed the ability to find and verify credible accounts, journalists or other people who have been vetted and trusted. And then, second, he's introduced a for-profit motive, which didn't previously exist in the platform, which incentivizes accounts, often under specious identities, to share false content as quickly as possible in order to maximize their own revenue; Elon Musk bears significant personal responsibility for the state of platform in this time of crisis. And it came from a place of arrogance. He said repeatedly that he doesn't believe in, what he says, the so-called mainstream media; whenever you see propaganda footage from the conflict today, chances are they did originated on Telegram. There are hundreds, even thousands of different Telegram groups which are linked to Hamas or associated organizations; Because Telegram is not a U.S. company. It's not easily subject to international law, it's extremely unlikely that content moderation action will ever be taken against Telegram itself; E.U. has recently put into force their Digital Services Act, which is a sweeping piece of legislation that really changes the rules of the road for social media companies. And, also, it increases their obligations; It appears, in the case of X, that they have essentially ignored the law; my most important piece of advice is to not believe anything you see online, especially now. If you see something in this fast-moving and confusing stage of the conflict, if you see something circulating online, don't believe it until you have seen significant corroboration and have verified it from multiple sources; ソーシャルメディア
》
[33:42] LAURA BARRON-LOPEZ: You mentioned two changes that Elon Musk has made to the platform. He also laid off a number of employees that handled content moderation and made sure that accounts followed the rules of the platform.
[** content moderation = On Internet websites that invite users to post comments, content moderation is the process of detecting contributions that are irrelevant, obscene, illegal, harmful, or insulting (wikipedia) ]
[36:00] EMERSON BROOKING: So the E.U. has recently put into force their Digital Services Act, which is a sweeping piece of legislation that really changes the rules of the road for social media companies. And, also, it increases their obligations. It increases the sorts of material that they have to share with European governments, and it institutes quite severe penalties for companies that fail to meet those standards.
[** = The Digital Services Act (Regulation (EU) 2022/2065, DSA) is a Regulation in EU law to update the Electronic Commerce Directive 2000 regarding illegal content, transparent advertising, and disinformation...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Services_Act ]
[37:46]★今日のおすすめ★ Israeli and Palestinian leaders discuss historic escalation of violence and what's next
Israel had never seen anything like the brutal attack by Hamas and is now poised for a military operation in Gaza that Prime Minister Netanyahu has vowed will exact a price that its enemies will remember for decades to come. John Yang has perspectives on these historic events from Yohanan Plesner of the Israel Democracy Institute and Dr. Mustafa Barghouti of the Palestinian National Initiative.
《今回のイスラエルとハマスの戦いについて、イスラエルとパレスチナそれぞれの見方; 歴史的背景; ■Yohanan Plesner of the Israel Democracy Institute, former member of the Knesset; Hamas is a terrorist jihadist organization with ISIS-like tactics and state-like capabilities and an ideology, a strong ideology, that calls for the annihilation of the state of Israel; in fact, in 2014, there was an attempt by Hamas to launch the exact same thing... the Hamas terrorists tried to infiltrate through tunnels, rather than in the way they did it this time, and they just failed. The IDF intercepted their attempt; This time, as a result of an intelligence failure and an operational failure, the IDF was not able to intercept this operation; the fact that Israel was deeply immersed in an internal debate around the nature of our democracy might have... given them the idea that Israel is now in a weak spot, and it's an opportunity for them to attack; they introduce us a choice of a zero-sum game. It's us or them; hey perpetrate double war crimes. They both target civilians, but they situate their capabilities within the civilian population. They use their population as human shields; They want to dominate the entire region with their murderous ideology, and obviously to gain control of the region's resources; ■Mustafa Barghouti, Palestinian National Initiative, which advocates nonviolence and offers an alternative to both Hamas and Fatah, which is the major force in the Palestinian Authority on the West Bank; everybody keeps avoiding the root cause of the problem; we are in this situation mainly because there has been an occupation, an Israeli occupation of Palestinians, of Palestinian land for more than 56 years, the longest occupation in modern history, an occupation that has transformed into a system... a system of apartheid, a much worse apartheid than what prevailed in South Africa; This is the root cause why there are Palestinians who are turning to violence, because all hopes have been lost; Netanyahu, the prime minister of Israel, who came to power in 1996, killed every potential and every possibility for peace talks; zero-sum game mean... means either us or them. That is nsot a way to make peace; Netanyahu said that all Palestinians in Gaza must evict (sic) their homes. And then his military spokesperson said that all Palestinians in Gaza, the 2.2 million people, should evict to Egypt. That is the meaning of zero-sum game. It's about ethnic cleansing of all the population of Gaza; nonviolence is a much more effective way of achieving our freedom; 80 percent of young educated people in Gaza are under siege and are unemployed; let's open a road for peace and for a peaceful resolution by ending occupation and allowing us and the Israelis to coexist and live in peace; ゼロ和ゲーム; 》
[40:51] YOHANAN PLESNER: Well, the fact that Israel was deeply immersed in an internal debate around the nature of our democracy might have -- again, I don't have the intel, but I do have impressions, and we did have some evidence over the time -- might have given them the idea that Israel is now in a weak spot, and it's an opportunity for them to attack.
[** イスラエルの司法「改革」とそれを巡る大規模デモのこと。 関連ニュース ]
[49:17] Supreme Court hears arguments in key racial gerrymandering case from South Carolina
The Supreme Court heard arguments in a key racial gerrymandering case out of South Carolina. The state redrew its congressional map and moved thousands of Black voters out of a competitive district, making it reliably Republican and diluting the Black vote. The outcome could determine the balance of power in Congress. Geoff Bennett discussed more with NewsHour Supreme Court analyst Marcia Coyle.
《アフリカ系有権者の票を薄めるサウスカロライナ州の選挙区割りは違憲か; The state redrew their congressional map, moving thousands of Black voters out of a competitive congressional district, shoring it up as reliably Republican and diluting the Black vote; Marcia Coyle; gerrymander, when a district has been drawn with race as the predominant motive or factor, is unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment equal protection guarantee; disentangling race from politics; chief justice and Justice Alito both seemed to be somewhat skeptical that the challengers here, the South Carolina Conference of the NAACP, had carried its burden of what they call disentangling race from politics; all the justices seem to agree today on is that this is a very, very difficult case, trying to separate out whether race was the predominant motive or whether partisanship was the predominant motive; partisan gerrymanders are not unconstitutional; the challengers' claim that, if they don't succeed here, that state legislatures will be able to use politics or partisanship as a proxy for race and shield their plans from challenges; On the other side, the legislature claims that, if the court rules against them, it's going to draw courts into very difficult battles trying to find the difference here, whether it is race or politics; 連邦最高裁; 》
[49:18] The U.S. Supreme Court today heard arguments in a key racial gerrymandering case out of South Carolina. The state redrew their congressional map, moving thousands of Black voters out of a competitive congressional district, shoring it up as reliably Republican and diluting the Black vote. The outcome could determine the balance of power in Congress.
[** < to gerrymander = to divide (a geographic area) into voting districts in a way that gives one party an unfair advantage in elections. < After the US Politician Governor Elbridge Gerry who was associated with a constituency said to resemble a salamander ]
[50:38] The chief justice said, for example, that there was no direct evidence that race was used. There were no kind of bizarrely shaped lines around the district, which is often a tipoff. He said that all it is, all they had was circumstantial evidence. And if the court were to accept that, he said that could be a huge change or expansion of the court's voting rights jurisprudence.
[* jurisprudence = (law) Case law, or the body of case law regarding a certain subject (wiktionary). 判例法 ]