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ãDeepL Pro èš³çã Shin Onna Daigaku âNew Womenâs Life Principlesâ (by Yukichi Fukuzawa. 1899) â Installment 24 of 24
In this book, I criticized the old 'women's university' of the Edo period, and in this 'new women's university', I have made a new argument. I wrote this with the humble wish that I might rescue Japanese women, who have been forced to submit for centuries, from their depression, and give them the self-respect and confidence to live on an equal footing with the rest of society. This will bring great benefit and happiness not only to women, but also to men, families and descendants. And it will bring no harm. Therefore, we would like you to explain this message in a way that your daughters can understand from an early age, and when they can read, give them a copy of this book so that they can refer to it at any time. And to avoid any misunderstanding on the part of your children, please explain this carefully to your daughters.
Parents' feelings have not changed over the years. Whether it's a boy or a girl, the eldest child or the youngest, parents love and raise all their children equally. Also, parents always worry about their precious sons and daughters, thinking about their future and whether they will have a happy future or whether there are factors that could make them unhappy. How painful it must be for a parent to find out that their child is destined for an unhappy life. All parents worry and fret about their children, even if they have a single bruise or a missing tooth, from morning until night, without a moment's rest. And if their child is physically or mentally weak, or has a disability affecting their arms, legs, hearing or eyesight, their worries are even greater.
There are idioms that mean âthe more foolish a child is, the cuter they areâ and âthe more a child is handicapped, the deeper the love for themâ. These accurately express the feelings of parents. They always pray for the happiness of their children, and there is no distinction between boys and girls or between different ages. The genuine feelings of all parents are that they love all their children equally.
However, if someone were to ask me, âAre you worried about your daughter's future?â, I would definitely have to answer, âYes, I am very worried.â
When a woman gets married, she often becomes a member of another family as a daughter-in-law, and her own parents worry about the impact that the mood of their daughter's in-laws will have on their daughter's life. They also worry about whether their relationship with their daughter's brothers and sisters-in-law and other relatives will be smooth, because it is rare good fortune to have a good relationship with one's in-laws. Even if things do work out, the biggest cause for concern is the daughter's husband. If you are a very lucky bride, you will be blessed with a considerate and moral husband. But on the other hand, what if your daughter's husband is unable to control his animal-like sexual desires? In fact, there are many cases of adulterous husbands in Japan. What should your daughter do when it becomes clear that she has married such a husband? Some husbands ignore their wives, give themselves over to frivolous misconduct, indulge in adulterous relationships with other women, openly keep mistresses, and even keep concubines at home while their wives are there, just like in old Chinese-style families.
Until the Edo period, if a Japanese woman found herself in this kind of situation, she had no choice but to put up with it and be submissive, or else get a divorce and lose her home. A woman's marriage is like gambling. Like playing the lottery, it's a matter of luck whether the outcome will be good or bad. Whether life is heaven or hell, whether it is fun or painful, whether you are happy or sad, it is all up to your husband's whims. In a sense, the bride can become a toy that is tossed around by her husband. This is the reality of marriage in Japan. Parents, looking at the future of Japanese women, which is so unstable, please think about what preparations are necessary for your daughter to live without anxiety no matter what happens in the future. Needless to say, it is necessary to have a discussion for this purpose. Also, by acquiring education, the possibility of obtaining a secure and stable life in the future will increase for each woman.
Parents with daughters should convey to them the need to prepare for their future. This does not mean telling them to become learned scholars. Rather, parents have a duty to continue to convey to their daughters so that they can fully understand the outline of human relationships and recognize the mindset for life. The following abilities are particularly important
Knowing who you are
Being able to compare the importance of mutual relationships with men
Understanding the principle that men and women are equal and there is no hierarchy
Being deeply aware of one's own rights
Having unshakable self-esteem and confidence in one's own worth
There are also passages that seem to be useful for ending the old 'women's university', which has disadvantaged women since the Edo period and before. Towards the end of the book, there is a passage that says, âSpending 100,000 koku to raise a daughter is more valuable than spending 1,000,000 koku on her marriageâ. It is a very inspiring passage, but I would go one step further and encourage parents to âgive their daughter a considerable amount of money in addition to her wedding clothes and furnishingsâ. Unless the parents are in financial difficulty, they should give their daughter enough money to be able to support herself at any time when she gets married. In this way, they can prepare for unforeseen circumstances such as their husband becoming ill or dying in the future. They should give their daughter enough money to be able to support herself without relying on others even if she is faced with a difficult situation.
Next, let's think about the idea of âthree types of obedienceâ that was popularized by the old Edo-style âwomen's universityâ. This idea was introduced in publications from the Edo period, and it states that women
1. should obey their parents when they are children
2. should obey their husbands when they become wives
3. should obey their children when they grow old
. This sounds good from a moral perspective, but what about in reality? In an uncertain society where people live, the rough waves of public sentiment and other things wash over us. However, if a woman always does what her husband or children tell her to do, it is not always the case that she will be able to survive the rough waves of life. However, as a result, there are many women who have been driven into a disadvantageous situation where they âcannot do anything about it themselvesâ.
Furthermore, if the husband is selfish, indulges in his lust outside the home, and has no ability to consider his wife or family, and finally ends up shouting âeven the ashes in the hearth are mineâ, even the most obedient wife will be at a loss. In such a situation, a wife who has the means to be independent can maintain a strong heart. It also becomes possible to calmly make plans for the future. Even if you are not in such an extreme situation, what if you had the knowledge and determination to support yourself? For example, you would be less likely to have arguments with your husband about things like not being able to buy the things you want. If wives do not depend on their husbands, there will be fewer marital problems. Let's think about women's property, not avoiding discussions about it as being âvulgarâ, and prepare for the future by discussing it.
Finally, although it is a general rule, it is said that âwhen one's basic needs for food and clothing are met, one can learn good mannersâ. This is not something that only applies to women. However, women who do not have any assets may end up with the same fate as those who do not have food or clothes. If a parent gives a portion of their family's assets to their daughter, she will be able to have enough food and clothes. If she is in a situation where her âbasic needs for food and clothingâ are met, it will be easier for her to treat her husband with good manners. However, even if a parent gives their daughter a considerable amount of money, it is meaningless if she does not know how to manage it. Even if you have millions of yen, it is meaningless if you cannot manage it. Therefore, women need to have the knowledge to think about how to keep the assets they have safely. There will come a time when you need to make appropriate decisions based on your knowledge of social trends, with a healthy sense of suspicion, and with the advice of those around you. In short, the responsibility for managing assets lies with women themselves. However, this is not an easy task, so it is necessary to learn about it properly. I have heard that many women in good families in Western countries have acquired the ability to manage assets. In our country, too, both women and their parents must never underestimate their practical abilities.
ãæ§ä»®åé£ãã çŠæŸ€è«å ãæ°å¥³å€§åŠã. 1899. åæ段èœ24/24
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çŠæŸ€è«å. 1899/2000.ã女倧åŠè©è«ã»æ°å¥³å€§åŠã. Accessed on June 29th, 2024.
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西柀çŽå. Naoko Nishizawa. 2011. "çŠæŸ€è«åãšå¥³æ§: Fukuzawa Yukichi and Women". p189-244.
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Kohei Ito. 2023. â150th anniversary of âEncouragement of Learningâ published by Yukichi Fukuzawaâ. å¡Ÿé·ç¹å¥è¬æŒäŒ. Sanshoku-ki æ ¶æ矩塟倧åŠéä¿¡æè²è£å©ææ äžè²æ 851 December 2023: 2-14. < https://sanshokuki.tsushin.keio.ac.jp/viewer/?file=2023_12_02-14.pdf > . P5ãæç²ãæ ¶æ矩塟ãšææ²»æ¿åºã®éã§èãæ¹ã決å®çã«éãç¹ãåºãŠããŸããããã¯ã䞻暩è ã¯èª°ãããšããããšã§ããææ²»æ¿åºã¯ã䞻暩è ã¯å€©çã ãšèããŸããäžæ¹ãçŠæŸ€ã倧ééä¿¡ã¯ããããŸã§ã䞻暩è ã¯åœæ°ã§ãããåœæ°äžäººäººã®ç¬ç«ãåœæ°äžäººäžäººã®äººæš©ããããåäœãšããŠãããåœãã€ãã£ãŠããããšããŸãããäŸãã°ã»ã»ã»
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