The Old Man and the Sea[老人と海]教材化

以下の文章は、Ernest Hemingway氏の"The Old Man and the Sea"（邦題「老人と海」）の冒頭部分です。科学英語ではありませんが、冠詞と代名詞の使い分けの例として非常に興味深いので、教材化させていただきました。

答え合わせは授業内で実施する予定ですが、これまでの投稿記事が履修登録前の予備公開段階で思ったよりも多くの方に閲覧していただけているようなので、受講生ではない方も挑戦してみてください。いわゆる学校英語や学術英語で整理しきれていない部分が見えてくるはずですので、それを面白いと思っていただけると幸いです（閲覧して面白いと思った方は、コメントしていただけると、教材や答え合わせを今後公開する励みになります）。

探しやすいように、代名詞heとその格変化したものを太字にして右にナンバリングしてあります。名詞句（a/the old man、a/the boy、a man）も同様に、太字にして右にナンバリングしてあります。（ナンバリングの漏れや間違いを訂正）

問題１：本文の第一文冒頭にいきなりHe1とありますが、文法的にはアリかナシか？（先行詞はどこ？それとも、先行詞は無くてもいい？）
問題２：代名詞heで表現されている人物(+α)が３名+α登場します。
①男性２名を特定するのは簡単だと思いますが、残りの１名は誰？その１名を先行詞とするheは何番？
②プラスアルファのheは何番で何が先行詞？
③ついでに、それぞれのheが誰を先行詞にしているのか、解読してみてください。（特に注意が必要なのがhe6とhim7、him24とhis25）
④he6とhim7、him24とhis25の使い分けは、文法的にアリかナシか？（ヘミングウェイ氏がノーベル文学賞を受賞する理由となったことでも有名なこの作品、答えはもちろんアリに決まっていますが、改めてこういうheの使い分けの文法的根拠を説明できますか？）
問題３：引用部分には、a/the old manが14回、a/the boyが10回、a manが1回、それぞれ使われています。
①the boy6とthe boy7：なぜthe boy7をheとしなかったのか？（問題２③でのheの使い分けとは何が違う？）
②a boy8：ここが不定冠詞になっている理由を考察（the boyとあった場合との意味の違い）
③会話部分でthe old manとthe boyが頻出する理由を考察（なぜheにしなかった？heがダメだと思うならその理由は？）
④１回だけ使われているa man1はどういう意図で？（ヒント：②a boy8との類似）

［タイトル］The Old Man and the Sea

［本文］
He1 was an old man1 who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he2 had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy1 had been with him3. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s2 parents had told him4 that the old man2 was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy3 had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy4 sad to see the old man3 come in each day with his5 skiff empty and he6 always went down to help him7 carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.

The old man4 was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his8 neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his9 cheeks. The blotches ran well down the sides of his10 face and his11 hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.

Everything about him12 was old except his13 eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.

“Santiago,” the boy5 said to him14 as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. “I could go with you again. We’ve made some money.”

The old man5 had taught the boy6 to fish and the boy7 loved him15.

“No,” the old man6 said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.”

“But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks.”

“I remember,” the old man7 said. “I know you did not leave me because you doubted.”

“It was papa made me leave. I am a boy8 and I must obey him17.”

“I know,” the old man8 said. “It is quite normal.”

“He17 hasn’t much faith.”

“No,” the old man9 said. “But we have. Haven’t we?”

“Yes,” the boy9 said. “Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we’ll take the stuff home.”

“Why not?” the old man10 said. “Between fishermen.”

They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man11 and he18 was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him19 and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen. The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two men staggering at the end of each plank, to the fish house where they waited for the ice truck to carry them to the market in Havana. Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed, their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting.

When the wind was in the east a smell came across the harbour from the shark factory; but today there was only the faint edge of the odour because the wind had backed into the north and then dropped off and it was pleasant and sunny on the Terrace.

“Santiago,” the boy10 said.

“Yes,” the old man12 said. He20 was holding his21 glass and thinking of many years ago.

“Can I go out to get sardines for you for tomorrow?”

“No. Go and play baseball. I can still row and Rogelio will throw the net.”

“I would like to go. If I cannot fish with you. I would like to serve in some way.”

“You bought me a beer,” the old man13 said. “You are already a man1.”

“How old was I when you first took me in a boat?”

“Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he22 nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?”

“I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him23 like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.”

“Can you really remember that or did I just tell it to you?”

“I remember everything from when we first went together.”

The old man14 looked at him24 with his25 sun-burned, confident loving eyes.

教材化した部分は以上です。アーネスト・ヘミングウェイ氏による実に見事な冠詞と代名詞の使い分け、いかがでしたか？