ð¯ðµæ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®æŠå£«éã®èŠçŽãšãã®ã¡ã®æ¥æ¬ã®è»åœäž»çŸ©ãšã®é¢ä¿ãæããŠãã ãã
æ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®èæžãæŠå£«éãã¯ã西æŽã«åããŠæ¥æ¬ã®æŠå£«ã®é埳ãšå«çã玹ä»ããããšãããã®ã§ãã圌ã¯æŠå£«éããå¿ çŸ©ãåæ°ãåèªã瀌åãèª å®ãèªå¶ãçŸ©äŸ ãšãã£ã粟ç¥æ§ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãŠèª¬æããŠããŸããæ°æž¡æžã¯ããããã®äŸ¡å€èŠ³ãè¿ä»£æ¥æ¬äººã®æ°ææ§ã圢æããåºç€ã§ãããšäž»åŒµãã西æŽã®ããªã¹ãæå«çãšå¯Ÿæ¯ãããªãããæ¥æ¬ç¬èªã®é埳ç䟡å€ãšããŠäœçœ®ä»ããŸããã
åŸã®æ¥æ¬ã®è»åœäž»çŸ©ãšã®é¢ä¿ã§ããããæŠå£«éããæžãããåœæïŒ1900幎é ïŒãšãã®åŸã®ææã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®ç€ŸäŒãæ¿æ²»ç¶æ³ã倧ããå€åããŠããŸããæ°æž¡æžãæããæŠå£«éã®çæ³ãšã1930幎代ãã1940幎代ã«ãããŠã®è»åœäž»çŸ©è ãã¡ãæšé²ããæŠå£«éã®è§£éã¯ç°ãªãå Žåãå€ãã§ããè»åœäž»çŸ©äžã§ã¯ãæŠå£«éã®äžéšã®åŽé¢ãç¹ã«å¿ èª ãšåæ°ã匷調ãããåœå®¶ãžã®çµ¶å¯Ÿçãªå¿ èª ãšèªå·±ç ç²ãæ±ããããããã«ãªããŸããããã®éçšã§ãæ°æž¡æžã®å ã ã®æå³ãšã¯ç°ãªããããç矩ã§è»äºçãªæŠå£«éã®è§£éãçšããããããšãšãªãããããæŠæäžã®åœæ°çµ±å¶ãæŠäºéè¡ã®ã€ããªãã®ãŒãšããŠæ©èœããŸããã
ã€ãŸããæ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®ãæŠå£«éããšåŸã®è»åœäž»çŸ©ãšã¯ãæ¬è³ªçã«ã¯ç°ãªããã®ã§ãããæ代ãšãšãã«æŠå£«éã®è§£éãå€ãããç¹å®ã®æ¿æ²»çã»ç€ŸäŒçç®çã®ããã«å©çšããããšèšããŸãã
ããããæ¥æ¬ã®è»åœäž»çŸ©ã¯æŠå£«éã®å ã§è¡ãããŠããŸãããïŒ
æ¥æ¬ã®è»åœäž»çŸ©ãæŠå£«éã®å ã§è¡ãããããšããåãã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ãããçšåºŠè€éãªèæ¯ããããŸããè»åœäž»çŸ©ã®æ代ã«æ¥æ¬ã®è»éãæ¿æ²»ãªãŒããŒãã¡ã¯ãæŠå£«éãã€ããªãã®ãŒãšããŠå©çšããåœæ°ã«å¿ èª å¿ãšç ç²ç²Ÿç¥ãæ€ãä»ããããã«ãã®èŠçŽ ã匷調ããŸãããããããããã¯æŠå£«éãããšããšæã£ãŠããé埳çã»å«ççåŽé¢ãéžæçã«è§£éããç¹ã«è»äºçã»åœå®¶çãªç®çã«æ²¿ã圢ã§çšãããããã®ã§ãã
æŠå£«éèªäœã¯ããã®èµ·æºãæ¥æ¬ã®å°å»ºæ代ã«ãŸã§é¡ããã®ã§ãæŠå£«éçŽã®å«çèŠç¯ãè¡åèŠç¯ãšããŠåœ¢æãããŸãããæ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®ãæŠå£«éãã§ã¯ããã®ç²Ÿç¥çãªåŽé¢ã匷調ããŠãããå人ã®é埳çæé·ã人éãšããŠã®å®å šæ§ãç®æããã®ãšããŠæãããŠããŸãã
ãããã1930幎代ãã1945幎ã«ãããŠã®è»åœäž»çŸ©ã®äžã§ã®æŠå£«éã®è§£éã¯ãåœå®¶äž»çŸ©ãçåœã®ããã®ç ç²ãšããåŽé¢ã匷調ãããŸããããã®ãããªè§£éã¯ãå®éã«ã¯æ°æž¡æžãæ³å®ããŠããæŠå£«éã®ç²Ÿç¥ããéžè±ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãé«ããæ¿æ²»çãªãããã¬ã³ããšããŠæ©èœããããã«æŠå£«éãå解éãããæªçšãããé¢ããããŸãã
ã€ãŸããæ¥æ¬ã®è»åœäž»çŸ©ã¯ãäŒçµ±çãªæŠå£«éã®ãå ãã§è¡ããããšããããã¯ãæŠå£«éãåºã«ããŠãç¹å®ã®è»äºçã»åœå®¶çç®çã®ããã«å€åœ¢ã»å©çšããããšèããã®ãé©åã§ãããã
ã§ã¯ãããæå³æ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®æŠå£«éã¯ãã©ã³ã¹ã®åããèãæ¹ã§ãããïŒ
æ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®ãæŠå£«éãã¯ã確ãã«ãããã©ã³ã¹ã®åãããå«ççã§é埳çãªäŸ¡å€èŠ³ã«åºã¥ãèãæ¹ãæå±ããŠããŸãã圌ã¯æŠå£«éãæ¥æ¬ã®æŠå£«ãæã€çæ³ãšããŠãå¿ çŸ©ãåæ°ãåèªã瀌åãèª å®ãèªå¶ããããŠçŸ©äŸ ãªã©ã®äŸ¡å€ãéèŠããŠããŸãããããã®äŸ¡å€ã¯å人ã®é埳çæé·ãä¿ããå人ã瀟äŒã®äžå¡ãšããŠã©ã®ããã«æ¯ãèãã¹ãããæå°ãããã®ã§ããã
æ°æž¡æžã¯ãŸãããããã®æŠå£«ã®äŸ¡å€èŠ³ãæ¥æ¬ã ãã§ãªããæ®éçãªäŸ¡å€ãšããŠãå°éãããã¹ãã ãšèãã西æŽã®ããªã¹ãæå«çãšæ¯èŒãã€ã€ãæ¥æ¬ç¬èªã®ç²Ÿç¥æ§ãšããŠæŠå£«éã西æŽã«çŽ¹ä»ããŸããã圌ã®ç®çã¯ãæ¥æ¬ãšè¥¿æŽã®æåçç解ãæ·±ããããšã«ãããæŠå£«éãéããŠäž¡æåéã®æ¶ãæ©ãšãªãããšãè©Šã¿ãŠããŸããã
ãã®ããã«ãæ°æž¡æžã®ãæŠå£«éãã¯æåçãªå¯Ÿè©±ãšç解ãä¿ããã®ã§ããããã®äžã§æå±ããã䟡å€èŠ³ã¯ãåã
人ã®å
é¢çãªæçãšç€ŸäŒçãªè²¬ä»»ããã©ã³ã¹è¯ãçµã¿åããããã®ã§ããããããã£ãŠã圌ã®æŠå£«éã¯ç¢ºãã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã®åããèãæ¹ãšèšããã§ãããã
æ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®äžä»£ããè»åœäž»çŸ©ãçœåŒããäžä»£ãŸã§ã®æç³»åãšãæè²ãããããæªãã èæ¯ãæšå¯ããŠãã ãã
æ°æž¡æžçš²é ããæŠå£«éããçºè¡šããã®ã¯1900幎ã§ãããã®ææã¯ãææ²»ç¶æ°åŸã®æ¥æ¬ãæ¥éã«è¥¿æŽåãé²ããåœéçãªå°äœã確ç«ããããšããŠããæ代ã§ããææ²»æ¿åºã¯ã1872幎ã«åŠå¶ãçºåžããæè²ãéããŠåœæ°çµ±åãå³ããè¿ä»£åœå®¶ãšããŠã®åºç€ãç¯ããŠããŸããã
æ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®æ代ãšæè²
æ°æž¡æžã掻èºããææ²»æ代ïŒ1868-1912幎ïŒã¯ãæ¥æ¬ããææéåããæšæŠãã西æŽã®ç§åŠæè¡ãææ³ãç©æ¥µçã«åãå ¥ããææã§ããæè²ã西æŽã¢ãã«ã«åºã¥ããé埳æè²ã«ã¯åæçãªå«çãéèŠããã€ã€ãåœå®¶äž»çŸ©çãªèŠçŽ ãåãå ¥ããããŠããŸãããããããæ°æž¡æžã®ãæŠå£«éãã§èª¬æãããå«ç芳ã¯ããããã®æè²æ¹éãšã¯ç°ãªãç¬èªã®é埳芳ãæ瀺ããŠããã西æŽãšã®æåçæ¶ãæ©ãšããŠãæ©èœããŠããŸããã
è»åœäž»çŸ©ãžã®ç§»è¡ãšæè²ã®å€å®¹
倧æ£æ代ïŒ1912-1926幎ïŒãçµãŠæååæïŒ1926幎以éïŒã«ãããŠãåœéçãªç·åŒµãé«ãŸããåœå ã§ãæ¿æ²»çãªäžå®å®æ§ãå¢ãäžã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®æè²ã¯æ¬¡ç¬¬ã«è»åœäž»çŸ©çãªè²åœ©ã匷ããŠãããŸãã1930幎代ã«å ¥ããšãæ¥æ¬ã¯æºå·äºå€ïŒ1931幎ïŒãç®åãã«è»äºçæ¡åŒµãé²ããåœå æ¿çããããæ¯ããæ¹åãžãšã·ããããŸãã
æè²çŸå Žã§ã¯ãåŸæ¥ã®åæçå«çã«å ããåœå®¶ç¥éã匷調ãããçåœã®å¿ èª ãšããææ³ãæè²ã®äžå¿ã«æ®ããããŸãããããã«ãããåŠæ ¡æè²ã¯ãè£æ°é埳ããšããŠã®åœ¹å²ã匷ãæ±ããããåäŸãã¡ã«å¯ŸããŠãè»äºçãªèšç·Žãæœãããããã«ãªããŸããã
æè²ã®æªã¿ã®èæ¯
ãã®æè²ã®å€é·ã¯ãåœå å€ã®æ¿æ²»çã»çµæžçå§åãšå¯æ¥ã«é¢é£ããŠããŸããçµæžçãªäžæ³ãæ¿æ²»çãªäžå®å®ãããããŠè»éšã®å°é ã¯ãåœæ°çµ±åãå³ãæ段ãšããŠããäžå±€ã®åœå®¶äž»çŸ©çæè²ã®æšé²ãæ±ããŸããããŸãã西æŽå匷ãšã®å¯Ÿçãªç«å Žã確ä¿ããããšããåœå®¶æŠç¥ããåœæ°ã«å¯Ÿããæåœå¿ãç ç²ç²Ÿç¥ã匷調ããæè²ãä¿é²ããŸããã
ãã®ããã«ãæ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®æ代ããè»åœäž»çŸ©ãçœåŒããäžä»£ã«ãããŠãæ¥æ¬ã®æè²ã¯åŸã ã«æŠå£«éã®å«çããåœå®¶äž»çŸ©çãè»äºçãªèŠæ±ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããæ¹åãžãšãæªããããã圢ã§å€åããŠãã£ããšèšããŸãããã®æè²ã®å€é·ã¯ãåŸã®æŽå²çåºæ¥äºã«å€§ãã圱é¿ãäžããããšã«ãªããŸããç¹ã«1930幎代ãã第äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠã«ãããŠãæè²ãéããåœæ°ã®è»äºåãšå¿ èª å¿ã®åŒ·åãé¡èã«ãªããŸããã
æè²æ¿çã®å€å
1937幎ã«åçºããæ¥äžæŠäºãã1941幎ã®å€ªå¹³æŽæŠäºã®éå§ãšå ±ã«ãæ¥æ¬ã®æè²ã¯ããã«è»åœäž»çŸ©çãªæ¹åãžãšé²ã¿ãŸããæè²çŸå Žã§ã¯ãåŸæ¥ã®åŠåçãªåŠç¿å 容ããããåœå®¶ãžã®å¥ä»ãšç®èº«ãä¿ãå 容ã匷調ãããåŠæ ¡æè²ã¯äºå®äžã®è»äºæè²ã«è¿ã圢ã§è¡ãããããã«ãªããŸããããã®ææã«ããããè£æ°é埳ãæè²ã¯ãå人ã®é埳çã»å«ççæé·ããããåœå®¶ãžã®çµ¶å¯Ÿçãªå¿ èª ãšæåŸãéèŠãããã®ã§ããã
瀟äŒå šäœã®åœ±é¿
ãã®æè²ã®å€é·ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ç€ŸäŒå šäœã«å€å€§ãªåœ±é¿ãäžããŸãããåœæ°ã®å€ããè»åœäž»çŸ©çãªäŸ¡å€èŠ³ãå é¢åããåœå®¶ã®ããã«å人ã®å©çãçåœãç ç²ã«ããããšãçŸåŸ³ãšãããããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãããŸããæŠæäžã®æ¿ããåœå®¶äž»çŸ©çãããã¬ã³ãã¯ãå人ã®æ¹å€çæèãèªç±ãªè¡šçŸãæå§ããçµæãšããŠåœæ°ãäžå±€æŠäºãžãšé§ãç«ãŠãåååãšãªããŸããã
çµæŠåŸã®æè²æ¹é©
第äºæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸãå é äžã®æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ãGHQã«ããæè²æ¹é©ãè¡ãããŸãããããã«ãããè»åœäž»çŸ©çãªæè²å 容ã¯æé€ãããæ°äž»çãªæè²å¶åºŠãå°å ¥ãããŸããæ°ããªæè²ã¯ãå¹³å䞻矩ãå人ã®æš©å©å°éãæ¹å€çæèèœåã®è²æã«éç¹ã眮ããã®ãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã®æè²ã¯åã³å€§ããæ¹å転æããããšã«ãªããŸããã
ãŸãšã
æ°æž¡æžçš²é ã®æ代ããè»åœäž»çŸ©ãçœåŒããäžä»£ãžã®æè²ã®å€é·ã¯ãåœå å€ã®æ¿æ²»çµæžçãªå€åãšæ·±ãé£åããŠããŸãããå§ãã¯å«ççã§æåçãªæ¶ãæ©ãšããŠæ©èœããŠããæŠå£«éããæ代ãšå ±ã«å€è³ªããè»åœäž»çŸ©ã®éå ·ãšããŠå©çšãããããšã§ãæ¥æ¬ç€ŸäŒã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒããã®ã§ãã
ãé¡ãèŽããŸã