Translation Studies Diary of 12 August, 2024

Jean-Paul Vinay was a French-Canadian linguist.
Jean Darbelnet was also a French linguist.

The two general strategies classified by Vinay and Darbelnet are 'Direct translation' and 'Oblique translation'.
Direct translation covers the following three procedures.
-Borrowing: the original word transferred directly to the translated text (Sushi, Kimono)
-Calque: a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word translation (Adam's apple→pomme d'Adam)
-Literal translation: word-for-word translation (I am John.→Ju suis John.)

Oblique translation covers a further four procedures.
-Transposition: a change of one part of speech for another (they have pioneered→they have been the first)
-Modulation: a change of the semantics and point of view (the time when→le moment où=the moment where)
-Équivalence or idiomatic translation: cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural means (comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles=like a dog in a game of skittles→like a bull in a china shop)
-Adaptation: a change of the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture (cricket→Tour de France)