参入障壁の2つの意味

参入障壁は、「業界・企業」の参入障壁と、「個人」の参入障壁がある。可能であれば、2つの参入障壁が両方あると、失業の可能性は低い。

業界・企業の参入障壁

世界シェア（または日本国内シェア）が高ければ高いほど、利潤を生み出しやすくなるため、業界の参入障壁が高い寡占であれば、年収は高くなる傾向がある。総合商社の年収が高いのは、「権益ビジネスなので参入障壁が高い」上に、NTTドコモや電力会社とは異なり、設備投資と設備メンテナンスが不要だからだ。発電所はメンテナンスしないと故障するため、修理費用がかかる。総合商社は、権益にかけるお金はそれほどなので、人件費を大きくできる。メガバンクなども参入障壁は高かったが、今はFintech系が参入してきたため、昔よりは危機感を持っているだろう。また、日本の金融は海外に弱いが、総合商社は海外で非常に存在感がある。総合商社こそ、民間企業の王者であると思う。

個人の参入障壁

医師・弁護士・公認会計士などの資格がないとできない仕事は、個人の参入障壁が極めて高い。これら専門職の年収が高いのは、従事者が少ないからだ。資格を持たないものが勝手に業務をやれば逮捕される。また、資格独占業務でなくても、参入障壁が高い仕事もある。AIやIoT、SAP、AWS、セキュリティなどのIT傾向の仕事がそうだ。最低でも5年間は業務経験がないと使いものにならないため、未経験者がちょっとやってみる、ということは不可能だ。

・・・学歴社会は終わりつつあるとされる。それは、例えば東大を出ても、それはマネタイズとは無関係であり、独占業務もないからだ。昭和の日本企業は、高度経済成長のおかげで、人材を吟味しなくとも余裕で利益を出せた。そのため、大学名で採用を決めていた。今は、真剣に即戦力スキルを吟味しないと利益を出せないため、大学名が無意味化しつつあるのだ。

ただし、業界じたいに参入障壁がある場合は、利益を出しやすいために、大学名をいまだに重視しているところが多い。総合商社などは、東大京大一橋大慶應早稲田が多いだろう。

ちなみに、学校や大学の勉強で参入障壁になりやすいのは、英語だろう。英語を話せる人が日本は欧米と比較して、ものすごく少ないからだ。英語をビジネスレベルで話せる人は、日本では5パーセントくらいだろう。理系科目も参入障壁にできるが、日本の製造業は年収が低いので、あまり高年収にはつながらない。

English

There are two types of barriers to entry: industry/company barriers and individual barriers. If possible, if there are both types of barriers to entry, the chances of unemployment are low.

Industry/company barriers to entry

The higher the global market share (or domestic market share), the easier it is to generate profits, so if the industry is an oligopoly with high barriers to entry, the annual income tends to be high. The reason why general trading companies have high annual income is because "it is a rights business, so the barrier to entry is high," and unlike NTT Docomo and electric power companies, they do not require capital investment and maintenance. Power plants will break down if not maintained, so repair costs are incurred. General trading companies can increase labor costs because they do not spend that much on rights. Megabanks and other institutions also had high barriers to entry, but now that Fintech companies have entered the market, they are probably feeling a sense of crisis more than before. Also, Japanese finance is weak overseas, but general trading companies have a very strong presence overseas. I think general trading companies are the champions of private companies.

 Barriers to entry for individuals

The barriers to entry for individuals are extremely high for jobs that require qualifications such as doctors, lawyers, and certified public accountants. The reason these professionals have such high annual incomes is because there are few people working in them. If someone without a qualification does the job on their own, they will be arrested. There are also jobs that have high barriers to entry even if they are not jobs that require exclusive qualifications. These are IT-oriented jobs such as AI, IoT, SAP, AWS, and security. It is impossible for inexperienced people to just try it out, because you need at least five years of work experience to be useful.

...The academic society is said to be coming to an end. This is because, for example, even if you graduate from the University of Tokyo, it has nothing to do with monetization and there are no exclusive jobs. Thanks to the high economic growth of the Showa era, Japanese companies were able to make profits without having to carefully examine their personnel. That is why they decided to hire based on the university name. Nowadays, you cannot make a profit unless you seriously examine the skills of those who can be used immediately, so the university name is becoming meaningless.

However, if there are barriers to entry in the industry itself, many companies still place importance on the university name because it is easier to make a profit. General trading companies and the like tend to have many employees from the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Hitotsubashi University, Keio University, and Waseda University.

Incidentally, English is probably the most likely school or university study to be a barrier to entry. This is because there are very few people in Japan who can speak English compared to Europe and the United States. Perhaps only about 5 percent of people in Japan can speak English at a business level. Science subjects can also be a barrier to entry, but because annual salaries in Japanese manufacturing are low, they do not lead to very high annual salaries.