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Harvard Professor’s Paper on Comfort Women Will Become Academia’s Pandora’s Box

ハーバード大学教授の慰安婦論文は、学術界のパンドラの箱となるだろう


Payment terms were better for wartime comfort women than for prewar prostitutes … We should also consider that the American and German military ran comfort stations as well.    -Part 2.

戦時中の慰安婦は、戦前の売春婦よりも支払い条件が良かった。また、米軍やドイツ軍が慰安所を運営していたことも考慮すべきである。(その2)

by Lee Wooyoun   (March 7, 2021)

元サイト               https://japan-forward.com/bookmark-harvard-professors-paper-on-comfort-women-will-become-academias-pandoras-box/

前回の記事https://note.com/piyococcochan/n/nc1127830d192

In all societies, sex work is known to be arduous and severely damaging to the reputation of those engaged in the industry. In return, sex workers tend to earn high income. The same is true of prostitutes who worked in Japanese brothels before the Asia-Pacific War and of military comfort women during the War.   These characteristics are seen in the contracts they signed with brothels, as shown in J. Mark Ramseyer’s article. Understanding the contract between brothels and prostitutes or comfort women as a form of indentured servitude, Professor Ramseyer well explains the structure of their contracts.

どの社会においても、セックスワークは辛い仕事であり、従事者の評判を著しく低下させることは周知のことだ。その代わり、セックスワーカーは高収入を得る傾向にある。アジア太平洋戦争前に日本の売春宿で働いていた売春婦や、戦時中の従軍慰安婦もそうであった。これらの特徴は、J・マーク・ラムザイヤー博士の論文にあるように、彼らが売春宿と交わした契約書にも見受けられる。ラムザイヤー教授は、売春宿と売春婦・慰安婦との契約を年季奉公の一形態として理解し、その契約の構造を上手く説明している。

According to Ramseyer, the structure of contracts for comfort women consisted of the following: 1) advances given to prostitutes or comfort women prior to their employment, 2) the contract period that specified the number of years of their labor, and 3) the split ratio of sales between owners and prostitutes or comfort women. For more information about this, you can refer to my last column, “Controversy over Harvard Thesis on Comfort Women Will Become a Turning Point that Leads to the Decline of ‘Anti-Japanese Tribalism.”

ラムザイヤー博士によると、慰安婦契約の構成は次のようなものであった。

1)慰安婦・売春婦に事前に支払われる前金  2)何年働くかという契約期間         3)オーナーと慰安婦・売春婦との売上の分配比率

これについては、前回のコラム「ハーバード大学の慰安婦論文をめぐる論争は『反日種族主義』の斜陽の予兆である」を参照していただきたい。

Payment terms were better for wartime comfort women than for pre war prostitutes 

戦時中の慰安婦は、戦前の売春婦よりも支払い条件が良かった

Evidently, Ramseyer is not the first person to mention the contracts. Contracts of comfort women are already well known among researchers in this domain. The point that Ramseyer newly raises in his paper is that payment conditions were far better for wartime comfort women than for pre war prostitutes. This has to do with the fact that comfort women were working in a dangerous war zone.

ラムザイヤー博士が契約について初めて言及した当人でないことは明白な事実だ。慰安婦の契約についてはこの分野の研究者の間では既によく知られていることなのだ。ラムザイヤー博士が論文で新たに提起した点は、戦時中の慰安婦の支払い条件は、戦前の売春婦よりもはるかに良かったということだ。これは、慰安婦が危険な戦地で働いていたことに起因するのだ。

Much more favorable payment conditions for comfort women came from the following reasons. First, whether they were on the front or in the rear of the battle zone, they had to take the risk of dying or getting injured, unlike those working in the interior of Japan and Chosen. Second, in case brothel owners violated the contract, they had the risk of having fewer means to resolve such a situation. While comfort women in Tokyo and Gyeongseong could turn to their friends, police, or courts to cope with a similar situation, or simply disappear into the crowd of the city if need be, comfort women working in a foreign war zone did not have this luxury.

慰安婦への支払い条件が格段に良かったのは、次の理由によるものである。先ず、戦地では前線でも後方でも、日本や朝鮮の内地で働く女性とは異なり、死や負傷のリスクを負わなければならなかった。第二に、売春宿の主人が契約に違反した場合、その解決手段が少ないというリスクがあった。例えば東京やソウルの慰安婦は、そのような状況に陥っても、友人や警察、裁判所に頼ったり、必要ならば街の人ごみに紛れ込み、行方をくらますことができたが、海外の戦地で働く慰安婦にはそのような助けは望めなかった。

Consequently, high risk was to be compensated by high pay. A similar pattern is found in wartime labor mobilization (including conscription) of men of Chosen, which took place after September 1939. In the 1920s and 30s, wages for Koreans working in Japan were just over half of those of Japanese. However, after the mobilization began, differentiation in wages due to non-economic reasons, such as ethnic discrimination, was almost nonexistent, though payment could sometimes vary based on individual competence. This is because the Japanese government, facing labor shortages, banned discrimination. Ironically, during the war, working conditions for Chosen workers became better.

結果的に、高いリスクは高い給料で補われることになったのだ。1939年9月以降に行われた戦時中の朝鮮人男性の労働力動員(徴兵制を含む)にも同様のパターンが見られる。1920年代から30年代にかけて、日本で働く朝鮮人の賃金は日本人の半分強だった。しかし、動員が始まってからは、個人の能力によって支給額が変わることはあっても、民族差別などの非経済的な理由による賃金の差はほとんどなくなった。これは、人手不足の日本政府が差別を禁止したからである。皮肉なことに、戦時中は日本人よりも朝鮮人労働者の労働条件が良くなったのだった。

According to Ramseyer, in the mid-1920s, advances for prostitutes in Japan were about 1,000 ~ 1,200 yen. In those days, the daily wage of female factory workers was less than 1.5 yen. In addition, unlike female factory workers, prostitutes were provided with meals and housing. In an environment characterized by a low level of economic development and a high Engel’s coefficient, the provision of meals and housing further widened the wage gap between prostitutes and other occupations. Given these circumstances, I think that their wage advances must have exceeded 1,000 times the daily wage of female factory workers.

ラムザイヤー博士によると、1920年代半ばの日本の娼婦の前金は1,000〜1,200円程度だったという。当時の女工の日当は1.5円にも満たなかった。しかも、工場で働く女性と違って、娼婦には食事や住居が与えられていた。経済発展が遅れ、エンゲル係数が高い環境の中で、食事や住居の提供は他の職業との賃金格差をさらに広げることになった。このような状況を鑑みれば、彼女たちの賃金は、女子工場労働者の日当の1,000倍を超えていたに違いないと思われる。

It is said that even after the war, there was no significant change in the sum of advances. But the indenture period was reduced, instead. In the case of prostitutes, the common contract period was 6 years in Japan and 3 years in Chosen, while it was 2 years for those in comfort stations. There were also cases where contracts were for 6 months ~ 1 year, like in Burma. Like prostitutes, military comfort women could also leave the comfort station when the contract period was over, regardless of whether or not their entire wage advances were paid off. As such, the shortened indenture period would have made it easier for them to return home.

戦後も、前金の額に大きな変化はなかったと言われているが、その代わり契約期間が短縮された。娼婦の場合、日本では6年、韓国では3年、慰安所では2年という契約期間が一般的であった。ビルマのように6カ月~1年の短い契約もあった。また、従軍慰安婦も娼婦と同様に、契約期間が終われば、前金が全額支払われているかどうかにかかわらず、慰安所を出ることができた。そのため、契約期間が短くなり、帰国しやすくなったと言える。

When it comes to comfort women, people usually think that they were able to return only after the end of the war. But this thought is heavily influenced by the “forced recruitment theory” and “sex slave theory”. From 1937 to 1945, when the opening of comfort stations was in full swing, many comfort women would have returned to their home country before the end of the war. Those who were still there until the end of the war would have been a minority.

慰安婦というと、一般的には「終戦後になってやっと帰ることができた」と思われがちだ。しかし、この考えには「強制連行説」と「性奴隷説」が大きく影響している。慰安所の開設が本格化した1937年から1945年にかけては、多くの慰安婦は終戦前に帰国していた。終戦まで残っていた人は少数派だっただろう。

The split ratio in which the brothel shared the sales with comfort women was also favorable to them. If the split ratio was 7:3 for ordinary prostitutes, it was 6:4 for comfort women. In some cases, a 4:6 ratio was adopted. As a result, there were many comfort women who returned home after paying off their wage advances in just a few months. This is also discussed by Ikuhiko Hata, former Nihon University professor, in his book Comfort Women and Sex in the Battle Zone. I would like to add here that the number of soldiers received by comfort women was much more than that of regular customers received by prostitutes, and accordingly, the income of military comfort women was significantly higher.

売春宿が慰安婦に売上を分配する分割比率も慰安婦には有利だった。一般の娼婦が7:3の割合(7が慰安所)であれば、慰安婦は6:4だった。場合によっては、4:6の割合になることもあった。その結果、慰安婦の中には、わずか数ヶ月で前借り分を完済して帰国する者も少なくなかったという。このことは、元日本大学教授の秦郁彦氏が著書『慰安婦と戦場の性』でも述べている。ここで付け加えておきたいのは、慰安婦が受け持つ兵士の数は、娼婦が受け持つ一般客の数よりもはるかに多く、それに伴って従軍慰安婦の収入も格段に高かったということである。

In 1925, the number of clients serviced by prostitutes in brothels of Tokyo was only 2.5 people per day, on average. However, on the military front, there was always a shortage of comfort women. Also, the Japanese military imposed strict hygiene practices to prevent STIs and prohibited public access to comfort stations, while forbidding soldiers from visiting other private brothels. With regard to this point, there is a claim that after the end of the war, wartime comfort women were not able to retrieve their money from the military. But it is more likely that this was an exceptional case, given that there would have been far more comfort women who returned home before the end of the war.

1925年当時、東京の遊郭で娼婦がサービスする客の数は、1日平均で僅か2.5人であった。しかし、軍事面では常に慰安婦が不足していた。また、日本軍は性病を防ぐために厳しい衛生管理を課し、慰安所への一般人の立ち入りを禁止する一方で、兵士が他の民間の売春宿に行くことを禁止していた。この点については、終戦後、戦時中の慰安婦が軍からお金を回収できなかったという主張がある。だが、終戦前に帰国した慰安婦の方がはるかに多かったことを考えると、これは例外的なケースであったと考えられる。

Why are comfort women problematic only for the Japanese military? The American and German military also ran the institution of comfort stations

慰安婦はなぜ日本軍だけが問題なのか?アメリカ軍やドイツ軍も慰安所という施設を運営していた

It can be concluded that military comfort women had ‘higher risk, higher income’ compared to regular prostitutes, the point which I fully agree with. Meanwhile, after first devoting themselves to launching ad hominem attacks against Professor Ramseyer, Korean media recently put forward some criticism about the actual content of the paper, conveying the opinions of some American researchers of Korean and Japanese history.

ラムザイヤー教授は、従軍慰安婦は一般の売春婦に比べて『高リスク・高収入』であったと結論づけており、この点については私も全く同感である。一方、韓国のメディアは、ラムザイヤー教授への人格攻撃に終始した後、最近では実際の論文内容について、韓国と日本の歴史を研究している一部の米国人研究者の意見を引用しながら批判している。

Their first criticism is that Professor Ramseyer ‘insisted the responsibility of Korean recruiters was greater than that of the Japanese state.’ The part they refer to is as follows:

彼らの第一の批判は、ラムザイヤー教授が「韓国人による慰安婦徴用の責任は日本国家の責任よりも大きいと主張した」というものである。彼らが言及している部分は以下の通りである。

“It was not that the government – either the Korean or the Japanese government – forced women into prostitution. It was not that the Japanese army worked with fraudulent recruiters. It was not even that recruiters focused on the army’s comfort stations. Instead, the problem involved domestic Korean recruiters who had been tricking young women into working at brothels for decades.”

「韓国政府でも日本政府でも、政府が女性に売春を強制したのではない。日本軍が不正な勧誘をしていたのでもない。また、慰安婦斡旋人が日本軍の慰安所に目をつけ勧誘したわけでもなかった。寧ろ問題があったのは、何十年もの間若い女性を騙して売春宿で働かせていた韓国国内の斡旋人であった。」

Of course, the direct responsibility goes to recruiters of Chosen. The Japanese military was wary of recruiting comfort women through employment fraud or trafficking since this could severely damage its reputation. And the Japanese Government-General cracked down on such recruiters. Still, it is true that the Japanese government and military were indeed involved in the establishment and operation of comfort stations. Is this Japan’s fault? Yes. Every human makes a mistake. But this is where historical comparison would be useful.

もちろん、直接の責任は朝鮮の斡旋人にある。日本軍は、雇用詐欺や人身売買で慰安婦を募集することは、日本軍の評判を大きく落とすことになるため注意しており、日本政府・総督府はそのような斡旋人を取り締まった。確かに慰安所の設置や運営に日本政府や軍が関与していたことは事実だが、これは日本の過ちなのか?確かにそうであり、人間は誰でも間違いを犯すものだ。しかし、ここでは歴史的な比較が有効であろう。

The U.S., with a strong Puritan tradition, is famous for its dual attitude toward ‘sex in war zones.’ Since 1941, the U.S. has firmly maintained the principle that ‘soldiers are not allowed to contact prostitutes in any area’. However, when venereal diseases became a problem due to soldiers’ contact with local prostitutes, the head of the army sent 150,000 boxes of condoms and 310,000 boxes of disinfectant to the military front by ships and air transportation. This took place in fall 1942.

ピューリタンの伝統を色濃く受け継ぐアメリカは、「戦地でのセックス」に対する二面的な態度で有名である。1941年以来、アメリカは『兵士はいかなる地域でも売春婦と接触してはならない』という原則を堅持してきた。しかし、兵士が現地の売春婦と接触することで性病が問題になったため、軍のトップはコンドーム15万箱、消毒薬31万箱を船や空輸で軍事戦線に送った。これは1942年秋のことであった。

During the Vietnam War, the largest war since World War II, the United States took a more realistic stance. For example, there were two wings of “recreation centers” in the U.S. military camp in Lai Khê, where 60 Vietnamese women had room and board and worked in 60 private rooms. The sales were split in a 6:4 ratio between the entrepreneur and the women. 

第二次世界大戦以来の大規模な戦争となったベトナム戦争では、アメリカはより現実的な姿勢で臨んだ。例えば、ライケーの米軍キャンプには「レクリエーション・センター」という棟が2つあり、60人のベトナム人女性が部屋と食事を持ち、60の個室で働いていた。売り上げは、センターの所有者(売春宿オーナー)と女性が6:4の割合で分けていた。

Army surgeons did a weekly check-up on them, and women who passed their medical exams got a sign on their door that said they were safe. This place, called “Disneyland,” was supervised by a brigade commander and even the Pentagon turned a blind eye to it. Doesn’t this sound familiar? Indeed, this reminds us of Japanese military comfort stations.

陸軍の外科医が毎週検診を行い、検診に合格した女性には安全だというサインがドアに貼られていた。「ディズニーランド」と呼ばれるこの場所は、分隊長が監督しており、ペンタゴンもこれを黙認していた。どこかで見たような光景ではないか?そう、これはまさに日本軍の慰安所を思い起こさせる。

During the World War II, Germany also installed comfort stations similar to those of the Japanese military, and as of 1942, there were about 500 comfort stations. In the same year, the number of Japanese comfort stations was about 400.

第二次世界大戦中、ドイツにも日本軍と同様の慰安所が設置され、1942年の時点で約500カ所の慰安所があった。同年の日本軍の慰安所は約400カ所だった。

Comfort women were usually in their 20s, mid-20s on average

慰安婦の年齢は大抵の場合20代、平均して20代半ばであった。


There was a case where a Korean recruiter kidnapped a woman, pretending to offer her a job opportunity, and sold her off to a comfort station (employment fraud). At this time, she would have gone there without knowing that she would be working as a comfort woman. In this case, a contract would have been unnecessary, and a large sum of advances would not have been paid. However, this practice was risky. First of all, kidnapping, including employment fraud, was long subject to police crackdowns in Chosen, even before the war.

韓国の売春婦斡旋業者が、就職先を紹介するふりをして女性を誘拐し、慰安所に売り飛ばした事件があった(雇用詐欺)。この時、女性は慰安婦として働くことを知らずに行ったはずだ。この場合、契約書は不要で、多額の前金も支払われなかった。しかし、このやり方にはリスクがあった。まず、朝鮮では戦前から雇用詐欺を含む誘拐事件が警察の取り締まりの対象となっていたからだ。

In addition, it would also have caused troubles after the woman arrived at the comfort station. The units in charge of using and managing the comfort stations checked whether comfort women exactly understood what they were getting into. Also, before they could start working as comfort women, the women needed to submit multiple documents, including those issued by national agencies, and the military units verified them. Therefore, recruitment by means of kidnapping would have been less frequent than recruitment involving women’s parents, in what was virtually human trafficking.

更に、(きちんと契約を交わしていないと、)慰安所に到着してからのトラブルにもなりかねなかったため、慰安所の使用・管理を担当する部隊は、慰安婦が自分の立場を正しく理解しているかどうかを確認した。また、慰安婦として働くためには、国の機関が発行する書類など複数の書類を提出する必要があり、軍部がそれを照会していた。そのため、誘拐による募集は事実上の人身売買であり、親が関わる募集に比べて頻度が低かっただろう。

In the latter case, from the parents’ point of view, the money given to them by a recruiter on behalf of the comfort station was the price they received for selling their daughter. But from the perspective of the comfort station owner or the recruiter, this money was a wage advance. According to Anti-Japan Tribalism by Lee Young-hoon, former Seoul National University professor, these transactions between recruiters and women’s parents were situated at the boundary between illegal trafficking and the legitimate exercise of rights under the ‘hoju’ system (family registration system) and legal employment service.

後者の場合、親からすれば慰安所の代理で斡旋人から渡されたお金は、娘を売ることで得られた対価である。しかし、慰安所の経営者や斡旋人から見れば、このお金は賃金の前払いだったのである。元ソウル大学教授の李英勳(イ・ヨンフン)氏の『反日部落差別』によると、斡旋人と女性の親との間のこのような取引は、違法な人身売買と、「戸籍制度」や「合法的な雇用サービス」による合法的な権利の行使との境界にあったとされる。

 As a result, on one hand, trafficking was rampant even before the war and was sometimes treated as a societal problem. But on the other hand, most of the people who have been investigated for trafficking at that time ended up being found not guilty.

結果、戦前既に人身売買が頻繁に横行し、社会問題となっていた一方で、当時人身売買の捜査を受けた人のほとんどが無罪となっている。

Given such circumstances, we should assume that parents who transacted with recruiters knew where their daughters were going and what they were going to do there. Even if it wasn’t an explicit contract to receive an advance, if the parents knew about it, it is no different than contracts that Ramseyer speaks of. It seems that those who criticize Ramseyer are unaware of these facts. It is in this context that we can understand the testimony of Ok-ju Mun, mentioned in Ramseyer’s paper as a comfort woman who made a lot of money through the trade, who testified that she hated her parents who sold her much more than the brothel owner.

このような状況を考えると、斡旋人と取引をした親は、娘がどこへ行き、そこで何をするのかを知っていたと考えるべきだろう。たとえ前金を受け取るという明確な契約ではなかったとしても、親が知っていたのであれば、ラムザイヤーの言う契約と何ら変わりはない。ラムザイヤーを批判する人たちは、こうした事実を知らないようだ。ラムザイヤーの論文で、貿易で大金を手にした慰安婦として紹介されているオクジュ・ムンが、「売春宿の主人よりも、自分を売った親をよほど憎んだ」と証言しているのも、こうした背景から理解できる。

The most representative case of contracts being signed between comfort women and brothels was probably the case where brothels recruited working prostitutes in Chosen or elsewhere before the war. This part is the most neglected by researchers in Korea and Japan, but I think it is the most probable scenario. First of all, around 1940, there were about 10,000 prostitutes on the Korean Peninsula tallied by the Governor-General. In addition, there were about 8,000 Korean prostitutes in areas where Korean people had a presence, such as in China and Manchuria, which generally overlapped with the battle zone of the Asian-Pacific War. These are only numbers that were actually identified by government agencies. What was probably needed to convince these prostitutes to start working as comfort women was only to inform them that this job entailed ‘higher risk, but higher pay.’

慰安婦と売春宿の間での契約で最も代表的なものは、戦前に朝鮮などで売春宿が勤労売春婦を募集したケースだろう。このことは韓国や日本の研究者には最も軽視されているのだが、私は最も可能性の高いシナリオだと思っている。まず、1940年頃、朝鮮半島には総督府の集計では約1万人の売春婦がいた。また、アジア太平洋戦争の戦場となっていた中国や満州などの朝鮮人が存在していた地域にも約8,000人の朝鮮人娼婦がいたとされている。これらはあくまでも政府機関が把握していた数である。彼女たちを慰安婦として働き始めるのに有効だったのは、「リスクは高いが、給料も高い」ということを彼女らに伝えることではなかったか。

From the recruiter’s point of view, recruiting existing prostitutes did not have the risk entailed in kidnapping or trafficking. From the prostitute’s point of view, becoming a military comfort woman did not further impair their social reputation. Rather, many actually had pride in comforting soldiers. Moreover, the Japanese military superiors and soldiers were not in a position to question where the comfort women came from, nor did they question them. Considering the above, I think that the first target of recruiters was prostitutes both inside and outside of Chosen.

また募集する側からすれば、既に売春婦である女性から慰安婦を募集する方が、誘拐や人身売買のようなリスクを伴わない。売春婦側からすれば、従軍慰安婦になったからといって、現状よりも社会的評価が下がるわけではない。寧ろ、兵士を慰めることに誇りを持つ人も多かった。また、日本軍上官や兵士たちは、慰安婦の出自を問う立場にはなく、また好んで尋ねる者もいなかった。以上のことを考えると、慰安婦斡旋人が最初に標的にしたのは朝鮮内外の売春婦だったと推測できる。

In 1984, before the issue of comfort women became politicized, in his book Modern Korean History under Japanese Rule (Japanese version), Gun-ho Song (宋建鎬), who served as the president of the Hankyoreh Newspaper, the most left-wing and anti-Japanese media in Korea, stated as follows. Born in 1927, he experienced the colonial period.

1984年に慰安婦問題が政治的に取り上げられる前、韓国の最左翼・反日メディアであるハンギョレ新聞社社長の宋建鎬は、著書『日本統治下の韓国現代史』(日本語版)の中で次のように述べている。1927年生まれの彼は、植民地時代を経験した一人だ。

“After the invasion of Nanjing at the end of 1937, around the beginning of Operation Xuzhou, the Japanese authorities instructed brokers in Chosen to transfer to China many women who were working as prostitutes due to poverty. Placing them in Japanese military facilities called ‘comfort stations’, temporary comfort stations’, or ‘army recreation centers’, they made them into playthings of Japanese soldiers.”

「1937年末の南京侵攻後に徐州作戦が始まった頃、日本政府は長州のブローカーに指示して、貧困を理由に売春をしていた多くの女性を中国に移送した。「慰安所」「臨時慰安所」「陸軍保養所」と呼ばれる日本軍の施設に置き、日本兵の遊び相手をさせたのだ。」

Also, the wife of Mr. Park ran an inn in Daegu. Mr. Park is known for his diary, Diary of a Japanese Military Comfort Station Manager (Published by Esoop), where he describes his life as a clerk in charge of ushering and accounting at a comfort station owned by his second wife’s younger brother (his brother-in-law) in Rangoon, Burma. At that time, inns often involved a prostitution business. So when Mr. Park was looking to recruit military comfort women with his brother-in-law, isn’t it more likely that they would have negotiated with existing prostitutes who already had a relationship with his wife, than go visit rural areas to lure women or search heartless parents willing to sell their daughters?

また、ビルマのラングーンで後妻の弟が経営していた慰安所で、案内や会計を担当する事務員としての生活を綴った日記『日本軍慰安所管理人日記』(エソップ刊)で知られる朴氏の妻は、大邱で旅館を経営していた。当時、旅館では売春ビジネスが行われることが多かったと綴っている。即ち、朴氏が義弟と一緒に従軍慰安婦を募集していた頃、農村に行って女性を誘い出したり、娘を売ってくれる心ない親を探し出すよりも、妻の宿に関係のある売春婦と交渉していた可能性の方が高いのではないだろうか?

Let’s break the old habit of appealing to anti-Japanese nationalism and stop ad hominem attacks against the writer

反日ナショナリズムに訴える古い習慣を棄て、著者への人格攻撃をやめよう


As I said before in my last article, former comfort women testified that they became comfort women because they were victims of either employment fraud or sex trafficking. There is no one who testified that they worked as prostitutes before the war. In Korea, disclosing this fact would be a ‘social death’ for those who previously engaged in prostitution. For a similar reason, no woman in Japan used her real name in revealing her history as a military comfort woman.

前回の記事でもお伝えした通り、元慰安婦の方々は「雇用詐欺や性売買の被害に遭って慰安婦になった」と証言した。戦前に売春婦として働いていたと証言した人はいない。韓国でもしこの事実を公表すれば、以前売春をしていた人は「社会的に死ぬ」ことになるからだ。同様の理由で、日本でも従軍慰安婦としての歴史を実名で明かす女性はいない。

Among the three ways to recruit comfort women ― employment fraud, trafficking, and recruitment of existing prostitutes ―, if the second and third make up the majority, we should seriously consider the view that economic contracts were signed between brothels and comfort women or their parents, who acted on their daughters’ behalf. In this respect, Ramseyer’s article is enough to be a starting point of more fruitful discussion.

雇用詐欺、人身売買、既存の売春婦からの勧誘という3つの慰安婦募集方法のうち、2番目と3番目が大半を占めるなら、売春宿と慰安婦または娘の代理人である親との間で経済的な契約が結ばれていたという見方を真剣に検討すべきである。この点でラムザイヤー教授の論文は、より実りのある議論への出発点にうってつけなのだ。

This is a great opportunity for Korean academia to drop their old habit of appealing to anti-Japanese nationalism and relying on ad hominem attacks, and start a real academic debate about the issue. It is my hope that Korean researchers of comfort women will contemplate on this and finally start participating in an in-depth, scholarly conversation. 

韓国の学術界が、反日ナショナリズムに訴え、人格攻撃に頼るという古い習慣を棄て、この問題について真の学術的議論を始める絶好の機会が訪れたのだ。韓国の慰安婦研究者がこれについて熟考し、漸く真の学術的な議論に参加し始めることを私は願っている。

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