【Dzongkha/ゾンカ語】 基本表現 & 基礎単語

紙にまとめると検索できないので、ブータンの公用語であるゾンカ語をnoteにまとめてみようと思います。絶賛執筆中(2/20)。

Greetings, introduction

• How are you?

  • Chö gadhe bö yö?

• I hope you are fine.

  • Chö leshom bä ra yöb wong.

• My name is …

  • Ni-gi ming … inn.

• I come from Japan.

  • Nga Japan lä ongm ën.

• I graduated from …

  • Nga pechä … lu ta yi.

  • pechä = education, yi = past.

• I work at XXX.

  • Nga XXX-lu la bä-yö in.

• I worked in Tokyo as a software engineer.

  • Nga Tokyo-lu software engineer-gi la de de-yi.

• I am so happy to work at XXX.

  • Nga XXX-lu la bä-ni ごカップ(opportunity) トップミル(to get) sem gai.

  • sem-gai = happy

• What's your name?

  • Chhoe ki ming ga-chi-mo?

• Goodbye.

  • Shul ley jelgay.

• Nice to meet you.

  • Nâ jä bäy sem gai.

• Good morning.

  • Dro ba delay.

• Good afternoon.

  • Nyima delay.

• Good evening.

  • Pchiru delay.

• Good night.

  • Zim shag delay.

• Let's go!

  • じょげ

• OK!

  • Tub

• I don't eat.

  • Mi za

• I don't agree.

  • Mi tub.

• Yes.

  • 'Ing la

General expressions

一旦ここに書くが、後で整理する。

• I don't know.

  • Nga ma shay.

• Are you student/teacher?

  • Chö 'lopthru/'lopön 'in-na?

• I am beautiful/cool.

  • Nga jârim/salem yö.

• Do you have money?

  • Chö na teru yö-ga?

• Does Sangay have money?

  • Sangay lu teru du-ga?

• I'm N years old.

  • Nga lo N ya shi.

• Do you think whether he is a good person?

  • Chö-gi ta-wacin kho 'mi leshom immä-ga.

  • Chö-gi = Do you?, 'mi = person

• The sky is blue.

  • Da-to nâm him du.

• Give me discount?

  • Gong ぱべ なめ？

• It seems like it might be good weather today.

  • Dari-g°i / nim di / sïtong-tong / rang / ongni drä-sa

  • sïtong-tong = fresh / ongni drä-sa = it might be

• He seems to come here.

  • Kho / ongni dä-sa

• He looks fine.

  • Kho / läshom / ongni dä-sa

• Do you accept mbom/mpay? I don't have cash now.

  • Tye au, mbob dang mpay / len / tubga / mo, dato / lâp-kha / teru / mendu.

  • dang = and, len = accept, tubga = can, lâp = hand, mendo = no

• Please give me your account number.

  • Tey bawacin, account number zhu-gay-la

  • zhu-gay-la = please give

• I have transferred money to your account.

  • Ya, apa-la teru account na tsuyi mae.

  • tsuyi = transffer, na = in

• I arrived here/Bhutan.

  • Nga na/Bhutan hö-ci.

• I have to leave now. (どこかを急に去る時(ex. classroom))

  • Da nga jo-ni.

Questions

• How much is it?

  • Ni-gi gong ga-de-ci mo?

• Where are you going?

  • Chö gâti jo-ni 'mo?

• How old are you?

  • Chö-lo ga-dim-ci ya shi?

• Did you receive money in your account?

  • Tey, chö-gi account na teru zi-nu ga la?

  • zi-nu = insert money, la = respect

• Do you have milk powder?

  • Au, obchi yö ga 'mo?

  • obchi = milk powder, yö = have, 'mo = question

• Which mushroom is better?

  • Au, ani shamu / nyî lä / ga / shîm / ga / mo / la.

  • nyî lä = two of, ga = which, shîm = taste

• Where is the origin of these chilis? Are they local chills?

  • Au, ani eema di / gati-g°i / 'ing-na. Nga-cä drûp-gi / rang / 'ing na mo.

  • gati = where, rang = only

• Are these vegetables organic?

  • Tey, na-g°i tshê-sey di lu män matab ong.

  • na-g°i = your, tshö-sey = vegetables, män = chemical, matab = not applied, ong = right

• Are you going to Thimphu?

  • Au, Thimphu jön na.

  • jön = going

• Are you hungry?

  • Chö to-ki iga?

• Do you get married?

  • いん チャプ チガ?

Vocabulary

Days

• Sunday : Za Daw

• Monday : Za 'Mi ma

• Tuesday : Za Lhâp

• Wednesday : Za Phurp

• Thursday : Za Pâsa

• Friday : Za Pêm

• Saturday : Za Nyim

• Today : Dari

Month

• January : Dâw Dang-pa

• February : Dâw 'Nyi-pa

• March : Dâw Sum-pa

• April : Dâw Zhi-pa

• May : Dâw 'Nga-pa

• June : Dâw Dru-pa

• July : Dâw Dün-pa

• August : Dâw Gä-pa

• September : Dâw Gu-pa

• October : Dâw Cu-pa

• November : Dâw Cug-ci-pa

• December : Dâw Cu-'nyi-pa

Time

• Hour : Chutshö

• Minute : Karma

• Second : Karcha

• What time is it now?

  • Da-to chutshö ga-de-ci mo?

• Exactly : trik tre

Season

• Summer : 'Nâm bja

• Spring : Nâm so kha

• Autumn : Nâm se kha

• Winter : Nâm gyüen kha

  • Nâm = sky

Body

• Hair : Cha

• Eyes : Mig toh

• Nose : Haa pa

• Ear : Naam cho

• Hand : lagp

• Arm : Lag ngar

• Knee : Pue mo

• Leg, Foot : Kangm

Color

• White : Kam

• Black : 'Na

• Blue : Him

• Brown : 

• Vermillion : リティ

• Red : 'map

• Yellow : セップ

• Gray : テルド

• Green : ジャンクぅ

• Maroon : まるも

Food

• Lunch : にまぎと

• Eat : サワシュニ

• Water : ダムジ

• Oil : まく

• Salt : つぁ

  • Please put less salt: ツァ ニュんべ(less) る(put) な

  • Please less spicy : Eema ニュんべ る な

• Taste : drow

  • Ani drow yö. : これうまい

• Sweet : Ngâm

  • Ja ngâm do. : This tea is sweet.

• Bitter : Khâgta

• Delicious : Zhimtogto

• Hot : ツァトム

  • Please give me a cup of hot tea.

    • Ja ツァトム name.

• Cold : きむ

• Spicy : Kha-tsha

  • I don't like spicy food.

    • Nga kha-tsha mi-ga.

  • This chill is so hot.

    • Ani eema kha-tsha do.

• Egg : ゴンド

Vegetable

• Potate : Kewa

• Chili : Eema

• Cheese : Da tshi

• Bitter gourd : Khag tem

• Spinach : Hön sey

• Cabbage : Dama copi

• Cauliflower : Meto copi

• Beans : Sem cum

  • インゲンも大豆も何もかも豆ならSem cum

• Asparagus : Nya khag cung

• Coriander : Yösey

• Spring onion : Goap dama

• Dried chili : Eema kam

• Pumpkin : Kakuru

• Mushroom : Sha mu

• Garlic : Ca gop

• Ginger : Sa ga

• Carrot : らふまっ

Fruit

• Apple : Apple🍎

• Mango : Am cu ku ri

• Orange : Tshe lu

• Watermelon : A pi gu to 

• Lychee : Li ci

• Persimmon : An day

• Pear : Lee

• Walnut : Ta ko

• Peach : Kham

Meat

• Chicken : Ja sha

• Beef : No sha

• Pork : Phap sha

• Mutton : Ra sha

• Yak meat : Yak sha

• Fish : Nya😺

Human

• Mother : Ama

• Father : Apa

• Older person : Au

• Child : Au

• King : Gyalpo

• Queen : アシ or ゲルちぃん

• Prince : げるせ

• Princess : ゲルチャム or せも

• Chief abbot : Je khempo

• Prime minister : Lyonchen

• Minister : Lyenpo

Life

• OK, Then : Tey

• Taxi : 'Lâ-khôr

• Vehicle : 'Num-khôr

• Aeroplane : 'Nâm dru

  • 'nâm = sky

• Boat : Dru

• Ship : Dru チェン

  • チェン = big

• Ticket : Tshôg-zîn

• Private vehicle : Gêr-khôr

• Government vehicle : Zhûng-khôr

• Door : Go

  • Go da nam : ドア閉めて

  • Go ち : ドア開けて

• Wait : Gu

  • Nga chö-lu gu でおん : I'm waiting you.

• Cross : Gä

  • La gä jo-ni. 山を越える

• Cold : ジャンめ

  • My foot is cold.

    • Ni かむ ジャンめ.

• Buy : Nyoni

  • I buy a piece of beef.

    • Nga no-sha nyoni.

• Sell : ツォに

Nature

• Sun : Nyîm

  • It's sunny day.

    • Nyîi しゃの.

• Rain : Châp

  • It's raining in Paro.

    • Da-to Paro-lu châp チャプ de.

    • チャプ = falling

  • It seems ti rain today.

    • Dari châp チャブに du.

• Cloud : さも

  • It's cloud.

    • さも ぽぺ do.

• Snow : Khâu

  • It's snowing.

    • Da-to khâu チャプ de.

• Hail stone : Seao

• Dry : かむtrutru

Adjectives

• Hard : tsâta (さた)

  • He is so serious.

    • Kho tsâta du.

• Easy : Jamtokto

• Difficult : Lakha

• Old : Nyim <-> Young : シェむ

• New : sarp

• Together : 'Nyamchi

  • Let's go together!

    • 'Nyamchi じょげ！

  • Let's live together.

    • 'Nyamchi でげ.

    • de = sit, live

• Different : Soso

Grammar

Tense

yeeが未来形、duが現在形、bäy yoaが過去形

Be verb

• 'ing

  • He is an employee here.

    • Kho na-lu la bäy mi 'ing.

    • na-lu = here.

  • He is a honest person.

    • Kho 'mi thrangtangta 'ing.

• 'immä

  • He is quiet fat.

    • Kho shanyam jâ riri 'immä.

• yö ( = have, どうやら一人称の時に使う模様)

  • I have lots of work.

    • Nga la lesha yö.

    • la = work, lesha = lots, yö = have

  • I don't have lots of work.

    • Nga lu la lesha mi.

  • I am in Bhutan now.

    • Nga druk gyal-khâb na yö.

    • na = in, gyal-khâb = country 省略可能

• du

  • You are beautiful.

    • Chö jârim du.

  • They are beautiful.

    • Khong chá-chap jârim du.

  • We are beautiful.

    • Ngace tshu(chá-chap) jârim yö.

    • 一人称なのでduではなくyö.

  • He has lots of friends.

    • Kho lu châro lesha du.

  • Your shoes are dirty.

    • Chö-gi lham-gu dam du.

    • dam = dirty

• 'mo

  • Where are you going?

    • Chö gâti jo-ni 'mo?

Suffix

• gi (所有や理由などに使う)

  • Chimi know lhotshamkha.

    • Chimi-gi lhotshamkha shê.

    • lhotshamkha = southern bhutanese language

  • I won't buy it because of its high price.

    • Gong tho-ni di-gi nga mi-nyo.

    • tho = expensive, di-gi = because of, nyo = buy

• d°o (一人称と二人称の現在進行形に用いる)

  • I am doing work.

    • Nga la bay-d°o.

    • la = work, bay = do

  • Are you ready?

    • Dr°andri cap-d°o g°a?

    • Dr°andri = preparation

  • D°a nyim shâ-d°o.

    • The sun is shinning/rising.

    • d°a = now, nyim = sun

  • yi, dai, ci, soi (過去形)

    • We really enjoyed a lot during the party.

      • Gatöndi gi kap-lu gatro bôm j°ung-yi.

      • Gatöndi = party, kap-lu = during time, gatro = enjoy bôm = very

    • We met face-to-face.

      • Nga ce thêkhabe pche-ci.

      • pche = meet

    • I arrived on time.

      • Nga d°ütshökha hö-ci.

      • hö = arrive

  • d°a (動名詞っぽい働き)

    • Let's buy it later after coming back.

      • Tama lop-d°a nyo g°e.

      • tama = later, lop = return 

    • Your Gho looks beautiful.

      • Chö gho-di g°öm-d°a bjâchichi du 'mä.

      • g°öm = wear, bjâchichi = beautiful, du = look

Conjunction

• bebacin/bewacin (if statement)

Interrogative (疑問詞)

• Who / G°a

  • Who are you?

    • Chö g°a mo?

• What / G°a-ci

  • What's your name?

    • Chö gi min g°a-ci mo?

  • What's this?

    • G°a-ci mo?

• Which / G°a-d°i

• Where / G°a-tî

  • Where are you?

    • Chö g°a-tî yö? -> Nga Thimphu-lu yö.

• When / Nam

Subordinate clause

• We knew beforehand that he was coming here.

  • Kho / nâ / ongni-'im / nga-ce / hema-lä-ra / shê

  • nâ = here, ongni = come, shê = know

• I wished that you were here.

  • Nga / chö / nâ-ra / yö / z°e / 'nou yi.

  • z°e = that, 'nou = think

• Pâsa said that he wasn't goint to the Dzong today.

  • Pasâ-gi / dari / kho / Dzong-na / mi-jo / z°e / 'lap-d°o-wä.

  • mi-jo = not go

• We forgot that we had to go to Dasho house today.

  • Nga ce / dari / dasho-g°i / chim-na / jo-gop / jê-song-nu.

  • chim = house, jo-gop = have to go

• I forgot that he was coming.

  • Kho ongm-'im, nga-g°i jê-so-nu.